TY - JOUR ID - 29981 TI - EXPLAINING THE NATURE OF SECOND KHORDAD COLLECTIVE ACTION JO - POLITICAL QUARTERLY JA - JPQ LA - en SN - 1735-9678 AU - Niakouee, Amir AD - Y1 - 2012 PY - 2012 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 295 EP - 314 KW - Collective action KW - populism KW - Reformists. KW - Second khordad KW - Social Movement DO - 10.22059/jpq.2012.29981 N2 - The triumph of khatami in the presidential election of second khordad (1997) was a turning-point in political conflicts in Islamic Republic of Iran. After the election , there has been a controversial debate About the nature of this collective action. Some scholars define it as a social movement while others say a social movement has some characteristics like organization and leadership which second khordad collective action did not have. The author tries to offer a detailed definition of social movements and compares their necessary characteristics with the second khordad collective action . The triumph of khatami in the presidential election of second khordad (1997) was a turning-point in political conflicts in Islamic Republic of Iran. After the election , there has been a controversial debate About the nature of this collective action. UR - https://jpq.ut.ac.ir/article_29981.html L1 - https://jpq.ut.ac.ir/article_29981_0809f9c59cd6a1d3c38d663fc1dc6000.pdf ER -