POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 COMMUNITARIANISM THEORY AND MULTIPLITY OF POLITICAL TRADITIONS IN CONTEMPORARY IRAN COMMUNITARIANISM THEORY AND MULTIPLITY OF POLITICAL TRADITIONS IN CONTEMPORARY IRAN 20159 FA Seyed Mohsen Aleghafour Journal Article 1970 01 01 There are different approaches to the question of developments in contemporary iran. This research is an attempt to introduce communitarianism theory whilst at the same time use it to examine the history of political thought in contemporary iran. Today this theory is one of the most important approaches of post modernist era which has challenged liberalism and some tenets of modernity. Using this theory as a model, iran is a society with specific cultural and politicalcharacters, made of many communities and traditions. Each one of these traditions with its own specific mentality on the one hand tries to expand its rationality and on the other enters into dialogue, struggle, cooperation and friction with other traditions. Each tradition is trying to explain a method of socio-political life. This process will lead to emergence of a diverse socio – political institutions. There are different approaches to the question of developments in contemporary iran. This research is an attempt to introduce communitarianism theory whilst at the same time use it to examine the history of political thought in contemporary iran. Today this theory is one of the most important approaches of post modernist era which has challenged liberalism and some tenets of modernity. Using this theory as a model, iran is a society with specific cultural and politicalcharacters, made of many communities and traditions. Each one of these traditions with its own specific mentality on the one hand tries to expand its rationality and on the other enters into dialogue, struggle, cooperation and friction with other traditions. Each tradition is trying to explain a method of socio-political life. This process will lead to emergence of a diverse socio – political institutions.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 COMMUNITARIANISM THEORY AND MULTIPLITY OF POLITICAL TRADITIONS IN CONTEMPORARY IRAN COMMUNITARIANISM THEORY AND MULTIPLITY OF POLITICAL TRADITIONS IN CONTEMPORARY IRAN 20160 FA Seyed Mohsen Aleghafour Journal Article 1970 01 01 There are different approaches to the question of developments in contemporary iran. This research is an attempt to introduce communitarianism theory whilst at the same time use it to examine the history of political thought in contemporary iran. Today this theory is one of the most important approaches of post modernist era which has challenged liberalism and some tenets of modernity. Using this theory as a model, iran is a society with specific cultural and politicalcharacters, made of many communities and traditions. Each one of these traditions with its own specific mentality on the one hand tries to expand its rationality and on the other enters into dialogue, struggle, cooperation and friction with other traditions. Each tradition is trying to explain a method of socio-political life. This process will lead to emergence of a diverse socio – political institutions. There are different approaches to the question of developments in contemporary iran. This research is an attempt to introduce communitarianism theory whilst at the same time use it to examine the history of political thought in contemporary iran. Today this theory is one of the most important approaches of post modernist era which has challenged liberalism and some tenets of modernity. Using this theory as a model, iran is a society with specific cultural and politicalcharacters, made of many communities and traditions. Each one of these traditions with its own specific mentality on the one hand tries to expand its rationality and on the other enters into dialogue, struggle, cooperation and friction with other traditions. Each tradition is trying to explain a method of socio-political life. This process will lead to emergence of a diverse socio – political institutions.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 THE MOSLEM LIBERALISTS AND THE ISLAMIC TRADITION THE MOSLEM LIBERALISTS AND THE ISLAMIC TRADITION 20161 FA Shoja Ahmadvand Journal Article 1970 01 01 The Arabic word " turath" carries complex ideological connotations, the word has the sense of " heritage", "legacy" and " culture". The turath does not only imply the history of a tradition that extends to the present; it also convys the active sense of seeking to shape a political present by interpreting its identity in terms of a particular image of its past. So, this article tries to find out the different meanings of turath firstly, and the views of Islamic Liberalists such as Fatama Mernissi, Lila Ahmed, Muhamad `Abid al-Jabiri, Taha `Aba al-Rahman and Fazlur Rahman on turath secondly. The Arabic word " turath" carries complex ideological connotations, the word has the sense of " heritage", "legacy" and " culture". The turath does not only imply the history of a tradition that extends to the present; it also convys the active sense of seeking to shape a political present by interpreting its identity in terms of a particular image of its past. So, this article tries to find out the different meanings of turath firstly, and the views of Islamic Liberalists such as Fatama Mernissi, Lila Ahmed, Muhamad `Abid al-Jabiri, Taha `Aba al-Rahman and Fazlur Rahman on turath secondly.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 NATIONAL INTEREST AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION NATIONAL INTEREST AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION 20162 FA Ahmad Javanshiri Journal Article 1970 01 01 During the years after the end of the cold war and parallel to the forming a new practice for the use of force under the title of the humanitarian intervention, different theoretical endeavors have been made to understand the formation of the mentioned interventions. The theoreticians, using constructivism, cosmopolitanism, English School and realism theories, have tried to explain the said phenomena. In the present article it is tried to, brief reviewing the background of these interventions, examine the different theoretical definitions and approaches of the formation reasons of them from the two realistic theoretical and emprical views. Theoretically it is considered that what the adaptation level of the humanitarian interventions, as the use of force for materializing the humanitarian ends, with the realistic understanding of the international system is. During the years after the end of the cold war and parallel to the forming a new practice for the use of force under the title of the humanitarian intervention, different theoretical endeavors have been made to understand the formation of the mentioned interventions. The theoreticians, using constructivism, cosmopolitanism, English School and realism theories, have tried to explain the said phenomena. In the present article it is tried to, brief reviewing the background of these interventions, examine the different theoretical definitions and approaches of the formation reasons of them from the two realistic theoretical and emprical views. Theoretically it is considered that what the adaptation level of the humanitarian interventions, as the use of force for materializing the humanitarian ends, with the realistic understanding of the international system is.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVEST MENT THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVEST MENT 20163 FA Malek Zolqadr Journal Article 1970 01 01 Attainment to Economic and Social growth and development in eny country requirement to secure Financial resources for Infrastruture and fandamental plans . For this reason, Most of economic development model, blive key role for that to countrie's development . Those countries don,t enjoy sufficient capital Inside , will resort to foreign Investment . foreign Investment by a difination is " transfer of funds and material from one country to other country for utilize to establish economic corporation in latter country In lieu of direct or Indirect participation In returning and revenue " . In a general division , Foreign Investment classify in two category: 1. Foreign Indirect Investment ( F.P.I.) . 2. Foreign direct Investment ( F.D.I.). Attainment to Economic and Social growth and development in eny country requirement to secure Financial resources for Infrastruture and fandamental plans . For this reason, Most of economic development model, blive key role for that to countrie's development . Those countries don,t enjoy sufficient capital Inside , will resort to foreign Investment . foreign Investment by a difination is " transfer of funds and material from one country to other country for utilize to establish economic corporation in latter country In lieu of direct or Indirect participation In returning and revenue " . In a general division , Foreign Investment classify in two category: 1. Foreign Indirect Investment ( F.P.I.) . 2. Foreign direct Investment ( F.D.I.).

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 THEORETICAL INSIGHT ON GLOBALIZATION, EMPIRE AND THEIR RELATION THEORETICAL INSIGHT ON GLOBALIZATION, EMPIRE AND THEIR RELATION 20164 FA Abdollah Ramazanzadeh H. A Masoudi Journal Article 1970 01 01 The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts. The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts. The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts. The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts. The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts. The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 PATHOLOGY AND SURVEY OF THE FUNCTION AND CREATION FIRST ORGAN PUBLICATION IN IRAN FROM IRAN'S CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE THIRD PARLIAMENT PATHOLOGY AND SURVEY OF THE FUNCTION AND CREATION FIRST ORGAN PUBLICATION IN IRAN FROM IRAN'S CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE THIRD PARLIAMENT 20165 FA Sadegh Zibakalam Ali Reza Bagheri Dehababdi Journal Article 1970 01 01 Though in close relation to socio _ political parties and factions, the publication and function of different official organs can be regarded as one of the major issues of contemporary Iran which has not received due Attention. The publication of such organs, which dates back to Iran `s constitutional revolution, has had a number of functions quite distinguishable from those of mainstream journalism in the country. Knowledge of the functions of such publications can efficiently enhance our understanding of current sociopolitical changes and trends in contemporary Iran. This book, after close consideration of the emergence of "organ publication" both in Iran and abroad attempts to present a survey of the functions of such publication with regard to three major spheres of activity, namely the sphere of critical thinking, socio_ political issues, and political parties. Though in close relation to socio _ political parties and factions, the publication and function of different official organs can be regarded as one of the major issues of contemporary Iran which has not received due Attention. The publication of such organs, which dates back to Iran `s constitutional revolution, has had a number of functions quite distinguishable from those of mainstream journalism in the country. Knowledge of the functions of such publications can efficiently enhance our understanding of current sociopolitical changes and trends in contemporary Iran. This book, after close consideration of the emergence of "organ publication" both in Iran and abroad attempts to present a survey of the functions of such publication with regard to three major spheres of activity, namely the sphere of critical thinking, socio_ political issues, and political parties.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 TRANSATLANTIC POLITICAL ECONOMY: COOPERATION & CONFLICT FROM SEPTEMBER 11 TO 2008 ECONOMY CRISIS TRANSATLANTIC POLITICAL ECONOMY: COOPERATION & CONFLICT FROM SEPTEMBER 11 TO 2008 ECONOMY CRISIS 20166 FA Ahmad Saei Roya Khezri Journal Article 1970 01 01 Economics is one of the most Important Factors in the Transatlantic Relations.The Economics of Europe & America is the Original Core of the World Economic. In This Field, two sides of the Atlantic are the most Combined Regions of the World.Therefore Cooperation for Continuing this System has Benefits for them.Both sides are the Main Trade Partners for each other.Economic Relations after the End of the Cold War Specially post September 11th Until Now has Experienced Both Cooperation & Conflict.This Paper has tried to Show the Need of Transatlantic Cooperation in spite of existing Conflict,on the basis of Theory analysis and Referring to the Recent Economic Crisis. Economics is one of the most Important Factors in the Transatlantic Relations.The Economics of Europe & America is the Original Core of the World Economic. In This Field, two sides of the Atlantic are the most Combined Regions of the World.Therefore Cooperation for Continuing this System has Benefits for them.Both sides are the Main Trade Partners for each other.Economic Relations after the End of the Cold War Specially post September 11th Until Now has Experienced Both Cooperation & Conflict.This Paper has tried to Show the Need of Transatlantic Cooperation in spite of existing Conflict,on the basis of Theory analysis and Referring to the Recent Economic Crisis.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 MODERNITY AND POSTMODERNISM MODERNITY AND POSTMODERNISM 20167 FA Mohammad Saveji Journal Article 1970 01 01 The article includes two discourses: first discourse, discusses about modernity and two of its main foundations; rationalism and humanism, and then explanes their impacts on the formation of the modern world, society and human being. Second discourse, considers the postmodern critical approach to modernity and its principles. Postmodernism, totally rejects the modern reason and deconstructs all aspects of intellectual and rational legacy of the Enlightenment tradition and modernity. Finally, the author of the article concludes: negation of modern rationality as an instrument of total domination over contemporary and late modern society by postmodernism, denies the dichotomous quality of modern reason and refuses the emancipatory feature of the cultural and communicative reason, and as a results, leads to conservatism and nihilism. The article includes two discourses: first discourse, discusses about modernity and two of its main foundations; rationalism and humanism, and then explanes their impacts on the formation of the modern world, society and human being. Second discourse, considers the postmodern critical approach to modernity and its principles. Postmodernism, totally rejects the modern reason and deconstructs all aspects of intellectual and rational legacy of the Enlightenment tradition and modernity. Finally, the author of the article concludes: negation of modern rationality as an instrument of total domination over contemporary and late modern society by postmodernism, denies the dichotomous quality of modern reason and refuses the emancipatory feature of the cultural and communicative reason, and as a results, leads to conservatism and nihilism.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 THE PAHLAVI POLICIES TO WARD BAHAISM (1953-1979) THE PAHLAVI POLICIES TO WARD BAHAISM (1953-1979) 20168 FA Vahid Sinaee Leila Chamankhah Journal Article 1970 01 01 Minority groups; including ethnicities, religious communities, and racial groups have been subjected state policies and strategies as a result of the extending and diversifying the modern nation-states. To study the State, as the most important body of formulating these policies is the first step toward the study of the minority question. On the other hand, minorities are not "passive social entities" and can share in shaping the official policies, improving view point of political elites toward minorities and even affecting minority politics. During the 1953-1979, in Iran "Minority Politics" has been changed dramatically. At this time, three different trends have met: Secularism of the State resulting in applying more limitations for religious tendencies and then activation of Bahaism in various fields of the society like economy, education, cultural issues, etc, Centralization of Power, which was an effort conducted by the court to marginalize Minority groups; including ethnicities, religious communities, and racial groups have been subjected state policies and strategies as a result of the extending and diversifying the modern nation-states. To study the State, as the most important body of formulating these policies is the first step toward the study of the minority question. On the other hand, minorities are not "passive social entities" and can share in shaping the official policies, improving view point of political elites toward minorities and even affecting minority politics. During the 1953-1979, in Iran "Minority Politics" has been changed dramatically. At this time, three different trends have met: Secularism of the State resulting in applying more limitations for religious tendencies and then activation of Bahaism in various fields of the society like economy, education, cultural issues, etc, Centralization of Power, which was an effort conducted by the court to marginalize

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 OPEC & OIL SHOCKS; THE PATHOLOGY OF OPEC'S BEHAVIOR IN GLOBAL OIL MARKET OPEC & OIL SHOCKS; THE PATHOLOGY OF OPEC'S BEHAVIOR IN GLOBAL OIL MARKET 20169 FA Mohammad Shirkhani Hamid Reza Ghavam Maleki Journal Article 1970 01 01 After Second World War, demand for oil increased and in 1970s reached to its maximum growth. And naturally, providing this level of demand depended on much more import from OPEC, especially from Middle Eastern members. Contemporaneous, in the early 1970s, some OPEC governments stopped granting new concessions and starting to claim equity participation in the existing concessions, with a few of them opting for full nationalization. These two processes led to the introduction of new powerful actor to global oil market. But, as the further events showed, OPEC's dominance had a short life and because of some reasons, chiefly as a result of OPEC's behavior after second oil shock (1979), this period shortly finished. In the mid 1980s, it's pronounced that the OPEC's formal prices catch to trouble. After Second World War, demand for oil increased and in 1970s reached to its maximum growth. And naturally, providing this level of demand depended on much more import from OPEC, especially from Middle Eastern members. Contemporaneous, in the early 1970s, some OPEC governments stopped granting new concessions and starting to claim equity participation in the existing concessions, with a few of them opting for full nationalization. These two processes led to the introduction of new powerful actor to global oil market. But, as the further events showed, OPEC's dominance had a short life and because of some reasons, chiefly as a result of OPEC's behavior after second oil shock (1979), this period shortly finished. In the mid 1980s, it's pronounced that the OPEC's formal prices catch to trouble.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 FOUCAULT: A CRITICAL THINKER FOUCAULT: A CRITICAL THINKER 20170 FA Abd Al-Rahman Alem Hamid Yahyavi Journal Article 1970 01 01 This essay intends to show critical abilities of M. Foucault's thought. It purposes that assertion to structural and relativistic narratives of foucault's thought, and interpration of it on Heidegger, prevents to see critical aspects and critical thought project of Foucault. The essay argues that in regard to critical thought, and out of limits of previous critical theory, Foucault, without going to post – critical trends, has a unic position. His innovations in criticiam, power, and his attention in recent period to subject and enlightenment, has valuable achievements to critical thought, so that they has influenced various argumonts of such thinkers as jilles deleuze, jiorgio agamben and Antonio Negri. This essay intends to show critical abilities of M. Foucault's thought. It purposes that assertion to structural and relativistic narratives of foucault's thought, and interpration of it on Heidegger, prevents to see critical aspects and critical thought project of Foucault. The essay argues that in regard to critical thought, and out of limits of previous critical theory, Foucault, without going to post – critical trends, has a unic position. His innovations in criticiam, power, and his attention in recent period to subject and enlightenment, has valuable achievements to critical thought, so that they has influenced various argumonts of such thinkers as jilles deleuze, jiorgio agamben and Antonio Negri.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN IRAN AFTER THE KHORDAD 1376 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN IRAN AFTER THE KHORDAD 1376 20171 FA Mehdi Abbas Abbasi Sarmadi Mehrnush Rahbar Journal Article 1970 01 01 Theories related to the political development- at first rather as the renovation-with the termination of the second world war and the release of the Third World countries from the colonialism were largely propounded in the political studies and after a long change process in the new period, the literature and the political development concept have been reduced to " democracy". This kind of change has been together with democracy growing process in developed countries and also with the emerging debates about democracy in developing countries.As well, in Iran during the recent 100 years, numerous thought movements have been appeared in this context and spread campaigns have been performed.Besides the expression the political development concept,this present research tries,through a pathological view, to study it in Iran especially after the 1357 revolution. In this regard and in the light of the paper's main question Theories related to the political development- at first rather as the renovation-with the termination of the second world war and the release of the Third World countries from the colonialism were largely propounded in the political studies and after a long change process in the new period, the literature and the political development concept have been reduced to " democracy". This kind of change has been together with democracy growing process in developed countries and also with the emerging debates about democracy in developing countries.As well, in Iran during the recent 100 years, numerous thought movements have been appeared in this context and spread campaigns have been performed.Besides the expression the political development concept,this present research tries,through a pathological view, to study it in Iran especially after the 1357 revolution. In this regard and in the light of the paper's main question

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 “TYRANY OF THE MAJORITY", AND THE RIGHTS OF MINORITIES IN LIBERAL DEMOCRACY “TYRANY OF THE MAJORITY", AND THE RIGHTS OF MINORITIES IN LIBERAL DEMOCRACY 20172 FA Seyed Ali Mahmoudi Journal Article 1970 01 01 Raising the concept of ‘Tyrany of the Majority’ by Federalists , Alexi de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , they revealed a new form of tyrany which was uniqe for those who had experienced despotic regimes . With the critique of democracy baised on majority vote , the question of ethnic , religious and linguistic minorities , along with their rights and fundamental freedoms , were raised seriously . Confronting such important challenge , liberal democracy on the basis of neutrality , equality of opportunity and Positive discremination , made attempts to help democracy for its failure and shortcoming . Therefore it is underestandable that minorities in the light of theories of liberal democracy have been able to enjoy more capabalities and capacities towards achieving their rights and liberties . Raising the concept of ‘Tyrany of the Majority’ by Federalists , Alexi de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , they revealed a new form of tyrany which was uniqe for those who had experienced despotic regimes . With the critique of democracy baised on majority vote , the question of ethnic , religious and linguistic minorities , along with their rights and fundamental freedoms , were raised seriously . Confronting such important challenge , liberal democracy on the basis of neutrality , equality of opportunity and Positive discremination , made attempts to help democracy for its failure and shortcoming . Therefore it is underestandable that minorities in the light of theories of liberal democracy have been able to enjoy more capabalities and capacities towards achieving their rights and liberties .

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 SPORT AND POLITICS SPORT AND POLITICS 20173 FA Mostafa Malakootian Journal Article 1970 01 01 In this research I have pointed out the various aspects of the relationships between sport and politics and at the end I have suggested some ideas for improving the sports in iran. on the basis of this research, the relationships between sport and politics is a bilateral relation, because from one hand the politics impacts on sport by making and implementing sports` strategy and on the other hand, the sport impacts on politics by strengthening the human values, national unity and increasing political participation, and of course, especially when international sports is implementing, it is misused by the world powers. In this research I have pointed out the various aspects of the relationships between sport and politics and at the end I have suggested some ideas for improving the sports in iran. on the basis of this research, the relationships between sport and politics is a bilateral relation, because from one hand the politics impacts on sport by making and implementing sports` strategy and on the other hand, the sport impacts on politics by strengthening the human values, national unity and increasing political participation, and of course, especially when international sports is implementing, it is misused by the world powers.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 WAR AND UNERDEVELOPMENT IN THIRD WORLD WAR AND UNERDEVELOPMENT IN THIRD WORLD 20174 FA S. Ahmad Movassaghi Journal Article 1970 01 01 War and conflicts within and among third world countries and between them and western countries, despite the end of the cold war, continues to produce fear and threat, violence, insecurity and instability. They are some of the most important causes of pain and misery of peoples, together with immense human, social, economic and developmental costs, with vast and durable consequences, in deepest levels of societies, families, and individuals. The main problem in this article is the relationship between war and underdevelopment. It seems that the climate of war and conflict and tension, wastes all resources of third world countries and impedes them from becoming developed, and makes their underdevelopment, with signs of poverty, unemployment, inflation, marginalization, authoritarianism, and dependency, worse. War and conflicts within and among third world countries and between them and western countries, despite the end of the cold war, continues to produce fear and threat, violence, insecurity and instability. They are some of the most important causes of pain and misery of peoples, together with immense human, social, economic and developmental costs, with vast and durable consequences, in deepest levels of societies, families, and individuals. The main problem in this article is the relationship between war and underdevelopment. It seems that the climate of war and conflict and tension, wastes all resources of third world countries and impedes them from becoming developed, and makes their underdevelopment, with signs of poverty, unemployment, inflation, marginalization, authoritarianism, and dependency, worse.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 INTERACTION OF INTERNAL MOTIVE AND EXTERNAL PROVOCATION IN THE VICTORY OF REVOLUTIONS INTERACTION OF INTERNAL MOTIVE AND EXTERNAL PROVOCATION IN THE VICTORY OF REVOLUTIONS 20175 FA Bahram Navazeni Journal Article 1970 01 01 This is a comparative study of the two victorious revolutions of the Constitutional Iran and the Independence of the USA that lead to the all compassing internal motives of the two oppressed nations to fight against the despotism and oppression and to collapse the ruling political, economic and social order. It is true that the symbols and causes for revolutions are plenty, but this would not prevent from giving a pattern, in which the study of this role in the revolutions would be simplified. As existing despotism and oppression, government's inability to severe and complete depression of revolutionaries, as well as expansion of ideas, such as liberty among them have a fundamental role in providing the necessary and enough objective and subjective grounds for the revolutions, the role played by the rival great powers who were determined to compensate their already losses are influential too. This is a comparative study of the two victorious revolutions of the Constitutional Iran and the Independence of the USA that lead to the all compassing internal motives of the two oppressed nations to fight against the despotism and oppression and to collapse the ruling political, economic and social order. It is true that the symbols and causes for revolutions are plenty, but this would not prevent from giving a pattern, in which the study of this role in the revolutions would be simplified. As existing despotism and oppression, government's inability to severe and complete depression of revolutionaries, as well as expansion of ideas, such as liberty among them have a fundamental role in providing the necessary and enough objective and subjective grounds for the revolutions, the role played by the rival great powers who were determined to compensate their already losses are influential too.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 ON THE IMPORTANCE AND THE ROLE OF CONSULTANTS IN THE PROCESS OF PUBLIC POLICY AND DECISION MAKING ON THE IMPORTANCE AND THE ROLE OF CONSULTANTS IN THE PROCESS OF PUBLIC POLICY AND DECISION MAKING 20176 FA Madjid Vahid M. A. Amanpour Journal Article 1970 01 01 The purpose of this article is to focus on an important issue in the field of public policy, i.e.: the role of consultants in the process of public policy and decision making. In this article, it is historically shown that this role was confirmed and applied in ancient civilizations such as Iranian, Greek and Islamic civilizations. The systematic role of consultants is, then, emphasized in modern states like France and the U.S.A. The case of I.R. of Iran is taken under consideration from two points of view: firstly, an overall observation in order to provide a typology of consultants in this country; secondly, a clinical observation, by taking an institution as case, to see how manger, in one side, and consultants, in other side, see the characteristics, the importance and the place of this function in their organizational life. The purpose of this article is to focus on an important issue in the field of public policy, i.e.: the role of consultants in the process of public policy and decision making. In this article, it is historically shown that this role was confirmed and applied in ancient civilizations such as Iranian, Greek and Islamic civilizations. The systematic role of consultants is, then, emphasized in modern states like France and the U.S.A. The case of I.R. of Iran is taken under consideration from two points of view: firstly, an overall observation in order to provide a typology of consultants in this country; secondly, a clinical observation, by taking an institution as case, to see how manger, in one side, and consultants, in other side, see the characteristics, the importance and the place of this function in their organizational life.

POLITICAL QUARTERLY 1735-9678 39 2 2009 06 22 STATE AND DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE BOOK OF STATE DIRECTED DEVELOPMENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE BOOK OF STATE DIRECTED DEVELOPMENT 20177 FA Javad Afshar Kohan Journal Article 1970 01 01 State as most affecting organization in politics, effects on different sphere in social life. In development discussion and its strategies, we must attention to these subjects: How can state effects on development? What is its role in this respect? Some researches have historical attributions and study the role of state in development countries in past. Other researchers, study the role of state in developing societies. In this respect, is proposed “Good governance”. In this paper, we examine the Kohli’s theory in his book: state directed development. On this base, we describe the positive and negative aspects of his work.... ... State as most affecting organization in politics, effects on different sphere in social life. In development discussion and its strategies, we must attention to these subjects: How can state effects on development? What is its role in this respect? Some researches have historical attributions and study the role of state in development countries in past. Other researchers, study the role of state in developing societies. In this respect, is proposed “Good governance”. In this paper, we examine the Kohli’s theory in his book: state directed development. On this base, we describe the positive and negative aspects of his work.... ...