FOUNDER'S TRAP AND NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS THEORY: AN ANALYSIS OF TUNISIAN REVOLUTION

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor; Department of Political Science, Faculty of Administrative Science and Economics, University of Isfahan

2 Ph.D. Student; Department of Political Science, Faculty of Administrative Science and Economics, University of Isfahan

Abstract

Popular uprisings manifested in the current Islamic awareness or Arab spring led to demands articulated by different sections of Tunisian society, and new social movements paved the way for the occurrence of disorderly behaviors. Indeed, domino like changes led to the formation of Tunisian revolution, as a result of general orientations of Arab rulers, on one hand, which can be called as a problem of “Founder's Trap”, and as an importance of new social movements in the explanation of changes in the northern Africa, on the other hand, which faced with research gap prior to that. By utilizing qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach, this study, with the purpose of filling a part of the existing gap, is aimed at replying to this main question: To what extent, by considering Founder's Trap crisis, the occurrence of revolutionary developments in Tunisia, does lend itself to the theory of new social movements? Findings of this research shows that, firstly, Founder's Trap crisis in the country under study is among important reasons responsible for the formation of new social movements. Secondly, exploiting new social movements is one of the main factors in the changes happened in this country, which covers requests and demands of the people, and determines the occurrence of the revolution. Finally, theory of new social movements encountered theoretical fault once faced with revolutionary changes and current realities of the Arab world. This, in turn, necessitates considering the subject of political economy in reviewing, development, and more efficacy of the theory.

Keywords

References

الف) فارسی
1. اکبری نوری، رضا (1392). تلۀ بنیانگذار با جوامع چه می‌کند؟، ایران اکونومیست، قابل دسترس در: http://iraneconomist.com/fa/news/41259
2. امیرشاهی، ذوالفقار (1373). تونس، تهران: مؤسسۀ چاپ و انتشارات وزارت امور خارجه.
3. ایرمن، ران (1388). مدرنیته و جنبش­های اجتماعی، ترجمۀ آزاد آدمی، زریبار، ش 72-71.
4. دلاپورتا،دوناتلا و ماریو دیانی(1383). مقدمه بر جنبش­های اجتماعی، ترجمۀ محمدتقی دلفروز، تهران: کویر.
5. رنانی، محسن (1389). «توسعۀ ملی در کمند سیاست»، آیین، ش 29 و 28.
6. فیرحی، داود (1391). فقه و سیاست در ایران معاصر(فقه سیاسی و فقه مشروطه)، تهران: نشر نی.
7. مشیرزاده، حمیرا (1381). درآمدی نظری بر جنبش­های اجتماعی، تهران: پژوهشکدۀ امام خمینی(ره) و انقلاب اسلامی، معاونت پژوهشی، چ اول.
8. موثقی، احمد (1386). جنبش‌های اسلامی معاصر، تهران: سمت.
9. نش، کیت (1388)، جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی معاصر: جهانی شدن، سیاست و قدرت، ترجمۀ محمدتقی دلفروز ، تهران: کویر.
10. هینه­بوش، ریموند و انوشیروان احتشامی (1390). سیاست خارجی در کشورهای خاورمیانه، ترجمۀ رحمن قهرمان‌پور و مرتضی مساح، تهران: انتشارات امام صادق (ع).
 
ب) انگلیسی
 
 
11. Adizes, Ichak(2014). Understanding and Treating Growing Organizations, available: http://www.adizes.com/Lifecycle_Growing_Organizations.pdf
12. Ahmed, Nahla Mahmoud (2011). The civil society and democracy in Gulf and Maghrebcountries (A comparative study), Faculty of Economic and Political Science, Cairo University.
13. Aissa, El Hassane (2012).The Arab Spring: Cause, Consequences, and Implications, United States Army War College.
14. Aleya-Sghaier, Amira (2014). “the tunisian revolution the revolution of dignity”, in: Revolution, Revolt and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond, Routledge, available: https://books.google.com/books?id=2bg3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=The#v=onepage&q=The&f=false
15. Ansani, Andrea & Daniele, Vittorio (2012). “About a revolution. The economic motivations of the Arab Spring”, International Journal of Development and Conflict, Vol. 2 (3).
16. Arieff, Alexis (2011). Political Transition in Tunisia, CRS Report for Congress, available: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21666.pdf.
17. Baker, Veronica (2015). The Role of Civil Society in the Tunisian Democratic Transition, Undergraduate Honors Theses, University of Colorado Boulder.
18. Behr, Timo & Mika Aaltola (2011). “the arab uprising causes prospects and implications”, FIIA Briefing Paper 76.
19. Beissinger, Mark R. et al (2012). Who Participated in the ArabSpring? A Comparison of Egyptian and Tunisian Revolutions, available: http://www.princeton.edu/~mbeissin/beissinger.tunisiaegyptcoalitions.pdf
20. Boose, Jason William (2012). “Democratization and Civil Society: Libya, Tunisia and the Arab Spring”, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 2, No. 4.
21. Boughzala, Mongi (2013). “youth employment and economic transition in Tunisia, Global Economy and Development”, Working Paper 57, available: https://jica-ri.jica.go.jp/publication/assets/01%20youth%20employment%20tunisia%20boughzala.pdf
22. Breuer, Anita et al (2012). Social Media and Protest Mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian Revolution, available:http://www.idcr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Social-Media-and-Resource-Mobilization-Tunisia.pdf.
23. Campante, Felipe & Chor, David (2012). “Why Was the Arab World Poised for Revolution? Schooling, Economic Opportunities, and the Arab Spring”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol 26, N 2.
24. Clark, Eric (2012). Social Movement & Social Media: A qualitative study of Occupy Wall Street , Södertörn University, available: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:539573/FULLTEXT01.p
25. Comninos, Alex (2011). Twitter revolutions and cyber crackdowns User-generated content and social networking in the Arab spring and beyond, available: https://www.apc.org/en/system/files/AlexComninos_MobileInternet.pdf.
 
26. Douglas, Crystal et al (2014). “The Arab Uprisings: Causes, Consequences, and Perspectives”, International Conflict Analysis and Transformation.
27. DRC-Citizenship (2010). Putting citizens at the centre: Linking states and societies for responsive governance, available:  http://www.drc-citizenship.org/system/assets/1052734690/original/1052734690-benequista.2010-putting.pdf?1398363967
28. Driss, Ahmed (2011). Thoughts on the Tunisian Revolution, Real Instituto Elcano, ARI 34.
29. Elhusseini, Fadi (2014). “Post Arab Spring Thoughts: The Middle East between External and Internal Mechanisms (Political Economic & Social Forces)”, HEMISPHERES, Vol. 29, No. 2.
 
30. Gagner, Rick (2015). Founder's Trap. Is it Curable? available: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/founders-trap-curable-rick-gagner
31. Goldstone, J. A. (2011). “Cross-class Coalitions and the Making of the Arab Revolts of 2011”. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(4).
32. Habermas, J (2008). New social movements, In: Ruggiero V and Montagna N (eds) Social Movements: A Reader. London: Routledge.
33. Haouas, IIham et al (2012). “Youth Unemployment in Tunisia: Characteristics and Policy Responses”, Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies Vol. 14.
34. Hopmann, P. Terrence & Zartman, I. William (2012). “Tunisia: Understanding Conflict 2012” Conflict Management Program Student Field Trip to Tunisia, School for Advanced International Studies.
35. Korotayev, Andrey V. & Zinkina, Julia V. (2011). “egyptian revolution a demographic structural analysis”, revista interdisciplinar, no 13.
36. Macdougall, Ian (2009). The Founder’s Trap, Corporate Lifecycles, available: http://corporatelifecycles.com/208/
37. Mahmoud, Abdesselem (2015). “Social Movements in Tunisia and Egypt: A Tale of Two Revolutions”, International Journal of Social Science Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3
38. Manorjan, Mohanty, (1998). Peoples Right: Social Movements and State in the Third world, California: Segapublications.
39. Mark R, Beissinger et al (2012). Who Participated in the ArabSpring? A Comparison of Egyptian and Tunisian Revolutions, available: http://www.princeton.edu/~mbeissin/beissinger.tunisiaegyptcoalitions.pdf.
40. Melucci, Alberto (1989). Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs In Contemporary Society (London, Hutchinson).
41. Miller, Laurel E. et al (2012). “Democratization in the Arab World Prospects and Lessons from Around the Globe”, RAND: national defense research institute.
42. Mines, Robert A (2011). “CEO/Owner/Founder Vulnerability: The Founder’s Traps”, BizPsych, available: http://www.bizpsych.com/whitepapers/the_founders_traps.pdf
43. Mohan Kumar, K ( ‎2010). A Theory of (for) New Social Movements in the Third, available: Worldavailable:http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/555/8/08_chapter2.pdf
44. Niakouie, Seyed Amir (2012). “Contemporary Arab Revolutions: A Comparative Study”, Political Studies of Islamic World, Vol. 1, No.2.
45. Ottaway, Marina & Hamzawy, Amr (2011). Protest Movements and Political Change in the Arab World, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy outlook.
46. Paciello, Maria Cristina (2011). “Tunisia: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition”, MEDPRO Technical Report No. 3.
47. Sarsar, Mohamed Chafik (2013). “Tunisia: Revolution as a new form of political transition Persusion”, ISPI , Analysis No. 194.
48. Scott, Alan (1990). Ideology and the New Social Movements, Unwin Hyman, London.
49. Sika, Nadine (2012). Civil Society and Democratization in Egypt: The Road Not Yet Traveled, available: http://muftah.org/civil-society-and-democratization-in-egypt-the-road-not-yet-traveled/#.VljE8fkrLIU
50. Staricco, Juan IgnacIo (2012) The French May and the Roots of Postmodern Politics, available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/112409042/The-French-May-and-the-Roots-of-Postmodern-Politicsc
51. Sutton, Philip W & Stephen Vertigans (2004). “Islamic “New Social Movements” Radical Islam, AL-QA'IDA and Social Movement Theory”, Mobilization: An International Journal 11(1).
52. Syed, Maria (2014). “Exploring the Causes of Revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt”, Ortadoğu Etütleri, Vol 5, No 2.
53.Tarrow, Sidney G(1998). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge UP. 
54. The New Management Network (1991). Escape the founders Trap, Vol 4, Number 2, available: www.new-management-network.com/publications/Escape%20the%20Founder's%20Trap.pdf
55. Thompson, L & Tapscott C (2010). Citizenship and Social Movements: Perspectives from the Global South. London: Zed Books.
POLITICAL QUARTERLY
Volume 48, Issue 2
September 2018
Pages 513-533

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 February 2016
  • Revise Date: 06 February 2016
  • Accept Date: 22 August 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics