Unbalanced Multilateralism in Policymaking of Iran’s Economic Sanction

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Professor, Department of Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Unbalanced Multilateralism should be considered as a part of the West World’s strategic policy to confine Iran’s economic and international capabilities. Indications of unbalanced multilateralism in Iran’s economic sanction policymaking are focused on executive mechanisms and America and EU’s legislative bodies. Although America and EU have relatively identical strategic objectives toward Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran’s economic sanction pattern has an unbalanced nature. The most severe sanctions were in 2011, which were called “crippling sanctions”. The crippling sanctions mainly targeted financial system of Islamic Republic of Iran and imposed various restrictions on Iran’s economic structure. Restrictions on selling oil to other countries and the ones on receiving financial sources caused by economic transactions should be considered as indications of Iran’s economic sanction.Trends to reduce Iran’s economic sanctions have started since 24 November 2013 and they are subject to the measures that control strategic, technical and industrial capabilities of Iran within nuclear field. Although some sanctions were reduced within this period, restricting trends of Iran’s capabilities in the unbalanced multilateralism atmosphere of the great powers have been continued. The process of imposing restriction and reducing reduction of some sanctions in a phased manner show that America, EU and Russia have taken advantage of unbalanced multilateralism strategy toward Iran.

Keywords

References

  1. الف) فارسی

    1. حسین‌زاده، اسماعیل (1389). اقتصاد سیاسی نظامی‌گری آمریکا. ترجمة پرویز امیدوار. تهران: نشر نی.
    2. عبدالله‌خانی، علی و کاردانف عباس (1390). رویکردها و طرح‌های آمریکایی دربارة ایران. تهران: مؤسسة مطالعات و تحقیقات ابرار معاصر تهران.
    3. 3.        کیگان، رابرت (1382). بهشت و قدرت؛ آمریکا و اروپا در نظم نوین جهانی. ترجمة محمود عبدالله‌زاده. تهران: دفتر نشر فرهنگی.
    4. گری، کلاید هافبوئر و همکاران (1392). بازخوانی تحریم‌های اقتصادی. ترجمة نادر جعفری. تهران: انتشارات کشتیرانی.
    5. گیتس، رابرت (1387). «راهبرد متوازن». ترجمة بهناز اسدی‌کیا. راهبرد دفاعی. س6. ش23.
    6. مصلی‌نژاد، عباس (1391). سیاستگذاری اقتصادی؛ مدل، روش و فرایند. چ2. تهران: رخداد نو.
    7. میلز، سی. رایت (1383). نخبگان قدرت. ترجمة حسین زنگنه. تهران: انتشارات غرب‌شناسی.
    8. نای، جوزف (1387). قدرت نرم. ترجمة سیدمحسن روحانی و مهدی ذوالفقاری. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق (ع).
    9. ــــــــــ (1390). آیندة قدرت. ترجمة رضامراد صحرایی، سیدطاهر شریعت‌پناهی و سیدحسین ارجانی. تهران: انتشارات حروفیه.

     

    ب) خارجی

    1. Abrams, Elliot (2012). "Processing Delay". Foreign Policy. June 8.
    2. Albright, David (2012).Iran Talks: What Should Be On the Table?Washington: Council on Foreign Relations. March.
    3. Baldwin, David (1989). Paradoxes of Power. New York: Basil Black well.
    4. Bennis, Phyllis (2008). Iran in the Crosshairs: How to Prevent Washington Next War. Washington Institute for Policy Studies.
    5. Berman, IIan (2012). "The Kremlin's Iran Problem". Washington: American Foreign Policy. June 18.
    6. Biden, Joseph (2011). "Engage Directed Toward Iran". Washington: Council for Foreign Relations. June.
    7. Brown, Carl (2000). Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. New York: Simon and Shuster.
    8. Clapper, James (2012). "Greatest Threats: Iran Threat: Attack to United States?". abc news. January 31.
    9. Clawson, Patrick (2012). "Sanctions Are Only a Stop-Gap". Foreign Affairs. May 9.
    10. Cohen, David (2012). "Iran Sanctions Biting". Washington DC: Huffington post. April 6.
    11. Freedman, L (2001). "A Third world war?". Survival. 43 (4).
    12. Gates, Robert M. (2009). "A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the pentagon for a New Age". Foreign affairs. January-February.
    13. Gonzalez, Nathan (2011). "Engaging Iran; The Rise of a Middle East Powerhouse and America's Strategic Choice. Praeger Security International.
    14. Haass, Richard and Martin Indyke (2008). A Time for a Diplomatic Renewal: Toward a New U.S Strategy in the Middle East. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
    15. Kagan, Frederick W. (2008). Iranian Influence. Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute.
    16. 25.     Kroenig, Matthew (2012). "It's Time for Obama To Set Clear Lines for Military Action". Council Foreign Relations. May 18.
    17. Maloney, Suzanne (2012). "How to Contain a Nuclear Iran". www.brookings.edu/opinions/2012/0305_nuclear_Iran_maloney.aspx?. March 12.
    18. Paul, Ron (2008). National Endowment for Democracy: Paying to Make Enemies of America. Washington.
    19. Rose, Giden (2012). "The Clash of Ideas: The Ideological Battles That Made the Modern World and will Shape the Future". Foreign Affairs. Jan-Feb.
    20. Rubin, Michael (2012). "How Iran Sees America and What America Does not Want to See?". Fan News. Feb 17.
    21. Walt, Stephen (2012). "Are we serious about talking with Tehran?". Foreign policy.com. April 9.
    22. Zakaria, Fareed (2012). "The Shape of a deal with Iran". The Washington Post. April 11.
POLITICAL QUARTERLY
Volume 45, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
October 2015
Pages 801-824

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 22 April 2014
  • Revise Date: 22 November 2015
  • Accept Date: 09 December 2014

Share

How to cite

Statistics