THE ANATOMY OF SAUDI INVASION OF YEMEN: GEOPOLITICS, DOMESTIC CRISIS MILIEU AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, Political Sciences Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Ph. D Candidate in International Relations, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Iran

Abstract

This article tends to explain the reasons behind the Saudi invasion of Yemen in March 2015. The authors argue that contrary to the current conventional perception among some Middle Eastern researchers, the Yemen-Saudi relations have been less friendly but endemic with continuous tension and conflict. This historical distrust has increased the recent level of tension between the two. The main hypothesis presented here is that a three lateral model in which geopolitics, domestic crisis milieu and international politics are the main composing variables, can present a better explanation of the Saudi invasion. On the basis of such framework, the authors start with the historical tensions of Saudi and Yemen, then concentrate on the main three explanatory variables.

Keywords

References

الف) فارسی
 احمدی، حمید (1390). موج سوم بیداری عرب؛ ریشه‌یابی قیام‌های اخیر در کشورهای عربی، پژوهشکدۀ مطالعات استراتژیک خاورمیانه، 3 اردیبهشت 1390.
-------------- (1389). از ناسیونالیسم کرانۀ باختری تا اسلام‌گرایی نوار غزه، خاورمیانه‌پژوهی، ج 4، به کوشش مهدی ذاکریان، تهران: دانشگاه امام صاق (ع).
---------------. (1369). «تأثیر انقلاب‌ اسلامی‌ ایران‌ بر جنبش‌های‌ اسلامی‌ جهان‌ عرب‌»، در مجموعه‌ مقالات‌ جهان‌ سوم‌، به‌ کوشش‌ حاتم‌ قادری،‌ تهران‌: سفیر.
جهانگیر حیدری (1394)،اهمیت استراتژیک یمن و تاریخ تقابلات عربستان با این کشور قابل دسترسی در http://omiidestan.mihanblog.com/post/24
حسن تاش، سید غلامحسین (1394). کشور یمن و جهان نفت، مؤسسۀ مطالعات بین‌الملل انرژی.
سجادپور، محمدکاظم (1390)."معضلات متراکم،آمریکا و یمن"، دیپلماسی ایرانی.
سجادپور، محمدکاظم (1390). «تحلیل استراتژی آمریکا در یمن وزن‌های ناهمسنگ»، همشهری دیپلماتیک، ش 48.
سید سجادی، پروین و کلانتری زرین (1386). «تاریخچه‌ای از یک پدیدۀ جغرافیایی - سیاسی: خاورمیانه چیست»، روزنامۀ اعتماد، ش 1470.
الرشید، مضاوی (1392). جریان‌های اسلامی جدید در عربستان سعودی، ترجمۀ رضا نجف‌زاده، تهران: پژوهشکدۀ هنر و ارتباطات اسلامی.
صادقی،حسین و احمدیان حسن (1389). «دگرگونی جایگاه منطقه‌ای یمن، امکانات و چالش‌ها»، فصلنامۀ راهبرد، ش 56 پاییز.
عزتی، عزت‌الله (1380). ژئوپلیتیک در قرن بیستم، تهران: سمت.
قرنی، بهجت (1391). انقلاب در کشورهای عربی: واکاوی ریشه‌ها و عوامل، انتشارات مؤسسۀ ابرار معاصر تهران.
لاکوست،ایو و ژیبلن (1378). عوامل و اندیشه‌ها در ژئوپلیتیک، ترجمۀ علی فراستی، تهران: نشر امن‌.
مرتضی، احسان (1388). جنگ سی‌وسه روزه: اهداف و پیامدها، ترجمۀ فاضل حسینی و صفر سفیدرود، قم: سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی، نمایندگی ولی‌فقیه، پژوهشکدۀ تحقیقات اسلامی، زمزم هدایت.
نجاتی، غلامرضا (1352). جنگ چهارم اعراب و اسرائیل، تهران: شرکت سهامی انتشار.
نیاکویی، سید امیر (1391). کالبدشکافی انقلاب‌های معاصر در جهان عرب، تهران: میزان.
 مجتهدزاده، پیروز (1380). جغرافیای سیاسی و سیاست جغرافیای، چ اول، تهران: سمت.
مقصودی،مجتبی،شقایق حیدری(1390). «بررسی وجوه تشابه و تفاوت‌های جنبش عربی در کشور‌های خاورمیانه»، فصلنامۀ ره‌نامۀ سیاستگذاری، سال دوم ش 2.
هیکل، محمدحسنین (1354). جنگ رمضان، ترجمۀ محمدکاظم موسایی، تهران: توس.
 
ب) خارجی
Abdullah, Lux (2009). "Yemen’s last Zaydi Imam: the shabab al-mu'min, theMalazim, and hizb allah in the thought of Husayn Badr al-Din al-Huthi". Contemporary Arab Affairs. Vol 2. no. 3 (Summer
Ahelbarra, Hashem, (20 January 2015), Yemen Crisis explained, Aljazeera.
Al-Arashi, Fakhri (2014) Unemployment and Poverty Rate in Yemen Highest in the Middle East, National Yemen (February 24).
Amnesty International. (2015). Yemen: the Forgotten war. https://www.amnesty.org/ en/latest/ news /2015/09/Yemen-the-forgotten-war/
Baker, Russ (2011). The Saudi Arabia Spring Nobody Noticed. Who, What, Why (December 7).
Barak A. Salmoni, Bryce Loidolt, Madeleine Wells (2010). Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen the Huthi Phenomenon. Rand National Defence Institute .
Batati, Saeed and David D. Kirkpatrick (2015). Yemeni Army Tries to Safeguard Oil Fields as Qaeda Fighters Advance, New York Times (April 18).
Bazzi, Mohamad (2015). Lebanon and the Start of Iran and Saudi Arabia’s Proxy War, New Yorker (May 26).
Byman, Daniel L. and Jennifer R. Williams (2015). Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula at a Ccrossroads in Yemen. Brookings Institute, Center for Middle East Policy.
Black, Ian (2013). Saudi Arabia expels thousands of Yemeni workers. The Guardian (April 2).
Blaydes, Lisa. (2011), Election and Distributive Politics in Mubarak Egypt, Cambridge University Press.
Blumi, Isa (2011). Chaos in Yemen: Societal Collapse and the New Authoritarianism, Routledge.
Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (2014). Saudi Funding of ISIS. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Policy watch 2273 (June 23).
Bohan, Carl (2011). U.S. says Saudi forces in Bahrain "not an invasion" Reuters (March 14).
Boucek, Christopher and Sajadpour, Karim. (2011) Rivals.-Iran vs. Saudi Arabia (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 20).
Broner, Ethan and Slackman, Michael (2011) Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest, New York Times (March 14).
Clemons, Steve (2014). 'Thank God for the Saudis': ISIS, Iraq, and the Lessons of Blowback. The Atlantic (June 23)
Cordesman, Anthony H. (2006). “Preliminary ‘Lessons’ of the Israeli-Hezbollah War,”. Working Paper, CSIS, August 17.
Fattah, Khaled. (2012) tribes and Tribalism in the Arab Spring. Yemen Times (26 April).
Fravel, M. Taylor. (2010) "The Limits of Diversion: Rethinking Internal and External Conflict" Security Studies 19.2. (October).
Fryklund, Inge (2015). “After Paris and Beirut: It is Time to Rein in Saudi Arabia”, Huffington Post (November 24).
Gazali Abdus Sattar, (2015), the U.S. Geostrategic objectives behind the war in Yemen, Aljazeera.
Gause, Gregory (1990), Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Ddomestic Sstructures and Foreign Iinfluence, Columbia University Press.
Hatem, Mohammed (2012). Yemen’s Houthi Rebels Vow to Boycott Presidential Elections. Bloomberg (February 14).
Hegghammer, Thomas and Stephane Lacroix (2007). "Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman al-‘Utaybi Revisited", International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 39, no. 1.
Heikal, Mohamed (1992). Illusions of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War. HarperCollins Publishers.
Haj, Ahmed Al- and Munir Ahmed (2015). “Pakistan votes to stay out of Yemen conflict", The Denver Post (April 10).
Halliday, Fred (2011).” Yemen: Travails of Unity”, Open Democracy (April 5).
----------------- (1985). Aspects of South Yemen Foreign Policy. London School of Economic and Political Science.
Haykel, Bernard (2013). The State of Yemen Oil and Gas Resources, NOREF Policy Brief.
Irna News Agency (2011). UK analyst blames US for Saudi invasion of Bahrain, Two Circles Net (March 18).
Ismail, Sharif (2009). Unification in Yemen: Dynamics of Political Integration, 1978-2000. Oxford University, Wadham College.
Kechichian, Joseph A. (2015) Oil and State System against the Extremism. Oil and Gas Industry Today (November 25).
Kerr, Malcolm H. (1971) The Arab Cold War: Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958-1970. Oxford University Press.
Khatib Lina, (2015), Saudi Arabia’s Comeback via Yemen, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ht against the Houthis? , CNN
Khazzan, Wafa (2014) Unemployment and Poverty Rate in Yemen Highest in the Middle East, National Yemen (February 24).
Koontz, Joshua (2015). “The Growing Threat of ISIS in Yemen”. Critical Threats (May 6).
Morton, Michael Quentin (2013). Oil and gas Exploration in Yemen. https://www. academia.edu/ 3356238/ Oil_Exploration_in_Yemen_2013_
Moubayed, Sami. (2005). The Waxing of the Shiite Crescent, Asia Times Online. (April 20).
Mujahed, Ali and Hugh Naylor (2015). “Yemen’s Houthi Rrebels get boost from Ccountry’s Oousted Ddictator”, Washington Post (March 31)
Murphy, Chris (2006). Saudi Arabia-Yemen Border disputes, ICE Case Studies, no. 197 (November).
Nazemroaya, Mahdi Darius (2015) The Geopolitics Behind the War in Yemen: Do the US and Saudi Arabia Want to Divide Yemen? Global Research (Strategic Culture Foundation, 31 March).
Northam, Jackie and Calamur, Krishnadev (2015) “Saudis Say Iranian Advisers Aiding Houthis In Yemen As Strikes Continue”. NPR Hourly Newscast (26 April).
Pal, Amitabh. (2011) U.S Wrong to Approve Saudi Invasion of Bahrain, the Progressive (March 16)
Rand Corporation (2010). Conflict in Yemen Fueled by Tribalism and Religious Conflicts. http://www.rand.org/news/press/2010/05/03.html
Reuters (2014). “Total Shuts Down Operations At Yemen Oil Field”. Reuters (30 January).
Schmitz, Charles. (2011) Understanding the Role of Tribes in Yemen, CTC.
Sullivan, Kevin (2012). “Saudi Arabia's secret Arab Spring”. Independent (23 October).
Thompson Nick and Torre Inez, (2015), Yemen: Who's joining Saudi Arabia's fig.
Transparency international (2013). Corruption by Country/Territory. http://www. Transparency.org/country#YEM
United Nations (1991). Items relating to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait. Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council.
Weir, Shelagh (2013). “Tribal Factors in War and Peace”, in Yemen: Challenges for the Future (International Conference: London Middle East Institute).
Wehrey, Frederic (2015), Into the Maelstrom: The Saudi-Led Misadventure in Yemen, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Whitaker, Brian (2015) “Yemen and Saudi Arabia: A historical Review of Relations”. Al-Bab (March 25).
POLITICAL QUARTERLY
Volume 46, Issue 4
March 2017
Pages 817-838

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 January 2016
  • Revise Date: 28 December 2016
  • Accept Date: 02 March 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics