Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Arak University, Arak, Iran
2
PhD in Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
As one of the foundations of the new political and social theory, the theories related to the subject try to answer a philosophical problem whose scope extends to the field of human sciences. Subject theory deals with the position of man in society as a structure. According to Cartesian reading, the modern subject is imagined as a self-fulfilling and independent unit from the world, which is independent from the world outside itself, and its relationship with the surrounding world looks like a relationship between subject and object. With the attacks of Marx and Nietzsche, the subject and the belief in the independent subject from the world were completely criticized until Nietzsche denied the idea of "I", self-transparent mind. This trend was also strengthened by Heidegger and Freud, and they attacked subjectivism in two completely separate traditions. As a result of such developments and influenced by structuralism and linguistic theories, another image of the subject emerged.
Such a dilemma caused social science theorists and philosophers to search for alternative ways to conceptualize the subject that does not suffer from the limitations faced by the predecessors. The alternative theory must simultaneously avoid the absolutization of the subject on the one hand, and on the other hand, negate the passivity and absolute acceptance of the subject. This theory should pay attention to both internal and individual factors of the subject and to external structural patterns. Therefore, this article intends to search for a structure of a theory of the subject in Mulla Sadra's philosophy, a prominent Muslim philosopher.
Methodology
This article tries to investigate and conclude a theory about the subject in Mulla Sadra's philosophy by using the descriptive-analytic method.
Findings and conclusions
We claim that in Mulla Sadra's theories about "soul", there is a possibility to reconstruct a theory of the subject, which goes beyond the duality explained earlier. There is a structure in Mulla Sadra's opinions that can be a model for the transition from the duality of structure and absolute subject. In fact, our use of Mulla Sadra's philosophy is merely to provide an alternative understanding of the human subject. So, the implementation and translation of such a structure in the form of modern perspectives of contemporary social theory is a separate and yet important matter. The abstracted model from Mulla Sadra's views is a model that consider the subject as a "becoming" and a "substantial motion" on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to the place of existence in the consistency of the subject, presents a pattern of action-field based on the gradation of being. Therefore, Mulla Sadra's description of the subject leads to an explanation of the logic of the social matter; The logic whose outlines are presented in this article. Thus, we start the discussion from what is movement; Then we address the issue of the truth of man in the world of existence and Mulla Sadra's psychology; Then we will reach a subject theory based on Mulla Sadra's psychology.
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