Backgrounds and Capacities for the Dominance of Nationalism in Iran’s Future Perspective

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, CT.C. Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Ne.C., Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Neo-nationalism claims to offer a more responsive and realistic solution to the impasses of today’s world. Currently, various forms of nationalism can be observed in countries such as the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Russia, China, Taiwan, Iraq, Syria, and Armenia. Therefore, in the era of globalization, the decline of nationalism and national sovereignty cannot be definitively declared. This article argues that the continuation of governance in Iran in its current state is facing severe impasses and crises, and according to some pro- Iran scholars, the country has no choice but to adopt an updated version of forward-looking, democratic, interactive, and conciliatory nationalism. The main research question is as follows: “Given the current situation, what are the most significant backgrounds and capacities for the growth and dominance of nationalist discourse in Iran’s future perspective?” In response, two levels of factors that facilitate the rise of nationalism in contemporary Iran are examined: a) one is in connection with the ideology and inefficiency of governance over the past four decades (the deadlocks and obstacles in governance that have facilitated the growth of nationalism in Iran in recent years), and b) the other is the capacities of neo-nationalism, in the form of representation of the Iranshahrian discourse. Finally, this study takes a critical look at the challenges and potential harms associated with the neo-nationalist current.
 
The Research Method and Conceptual Framework
This research employs a qualitative methodology, integrating a realist, future-oriented, and critical approach. It draws on the historical method to examine past events (Taheri, 2020: 133), using historical facts to identify and analyze the components that shape contemporary neo-nationalist discourse. The historical method also facilitates a deeper understanding of current conditions through the lens of past developments and transformations (Sanjabi, 2005: 464). Furthermore, by engaging with core themes within the conceptual framework of nationalism—such as nation, organized community, autonomy, and identity (Heywood, 2014: 276–294)—the study develops a localized analytical model tailored to Iran’s present context. With a critical lens, it also draws on modern governance and development theories, along with the lived experiences of developed societies, to assess the failures and inefficiencies of Iran’s ideological governance in recent decades. Data collection is based on library research, utilizing a range of scholarly sources.
 
Results and discussion
Nationalist discourse, drawing upon elements with deep historical and civilizational roots, positions itself as a viable and effective option for Iran's future—an option that has, in a sense, already been tested by history. The Iranshahri cultural framework contains intellectual and practical elements that, while originating in the pre-modern era, frequently align with modern global values and can be considered progressive. These elements include respect for human dignity and freedom, the recognition of women's rights, an emphasis on reason and rational governance, meritocracy, tolerance for diverse beliefs and lifestyles, a focus on justice, environmental consciousness, and a celebration of life and national grandeur. These principles have significantly enhanced the resonance and influence of nationalist discourse. In contrast, ideological religious governance, which established its hegemony nearly half a century ago on the basis of comprehensive promises for both this world and the spiritual realm, has had the opportunity to test its model. Its failure to fulfill its slogans and realize its envisioned ideal world has cast serious doubt on the effectiveness, practicality, and long-term viability of its ideological foundations and proponents.
 
Conclusion
Iranian nationalism possesses a dual nature. When managed constructively, it can foster social cohesion, bolster political independence, and improve governance. Conversely, if it veers toward authoritarianism or disregards citizens' rights, it can lead to repression, ethnic fragmentation, and instability. Consequently, the most viable model for Iran's future is a form of civic, democratic, and multicultural nationalism. This framework would integrate all ethnic and religious groups into a shared national identity, thereby strengthening internal unity while enabling positive international engagement based on coherent national policymaking.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Afghari, M. (2024). Critical Analysis of the New Left Discourse in Dealing with the Issue of Iranian Identity. National Studies Journal. 25. (1). 7-28 [In Persian]
Ahmadi, H. (2009). Foundations of Iranian National Identity: Theoretical Framework of Citizen-Centered National Identity. Edited by Atiyeh Pir Ali, Tehran: Institute for Cultural and Social Studies. [In Persian]
Ahmadi, H. (2017). Iranian nationalism is a pervasive and constructive phenomenon/ Interview with Hamid Ahmadi. Monthly magazine Nasim Bidari, In: https://azariha.org/1949/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB %8C% D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9 %85-%D8%A7 %DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB %8C%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B1 %D8%A7%DA%AF%DB %8C %D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%B3 %D8 %A7%D8%B2/ [In Persian]
Ahmadi, H. (2020). Iranian Identity from Ancient Times to the End of the Pahlavi: Ahmad Ashraf and Two Articles by Gherardo Gnoli and Shapour Shahbazi. Ninth Printing, Tehran: Ney Pub. [In Persian]
Ashtiani, J. (2015). Zoroaster Mazdeyasna and the Government. Ninth Printing, Tehran: EntesharCo. [In Persian]
Bani Masani, M., Eivazi, M. R., & Morshedi Zad, A. (2024). Future scenarios of the crisis of legitimacy in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Contemporary Political Studies, Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript Available Online from 21 November 2024, 10.30465/cps.2024.49915.3441. [In Persian]
Bashiriyeh, H. (2013). Political science education: Fundamentals of Theoretical and Institutional Political Science. Tenth edition, Tehran: Negah Moaser Pub. [In Persian]
Bonakdar, T. (2019). New political faults in Iranian nationalism . in:https://iranliberal.com/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86-%D8 %A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8 %B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7/ [In Persian]
Castells, M. (2012). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Translated by Mojtaba Qolipour, Tehran: Markaz Pub. [In Persian]
Intellectual Movement of Development. (2021). Development Book: A Comprehensive Review of Iran's Position in Global Development Indicators.
Development thinking. (2024). Development Dialogues. In: https://pooyeshfekri.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8 %B1 %D9 %87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3 %D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 [In Persian]
Dost Mohammadi, H., & Ekhtiari Amiri, R. (2019). Political Development; Iran Efficiency and Legitimacy Crisis’s and Good Governance. Journal of Political Strategy, 3(10), 91-123. [In Persian]
Duara, P. (2019). Nationalism and Development. In: Asian Transformations: An Inquiry into the Development of Nations, Edited by Deepak Nayyar, Oxford University Press, 346-371.
Eghbali Mahdi Abadi, M. (2008). Women in ancient Iranian history. Qom: Pardisan Pub. [In Persian]
Eliassi, B. (2024). Minoritized Communities in Iran: The Struggle for Unconditional Equality. Iranian Studies, (57), 303-309.
Fazely, H., & Khalil Tahmasebi, N. (2016). Hossein Kazem Zadeh Iranshahr and Issue of National Identity. Contemporary Political Studies, 6, 17(17), 105-123. [In Persian]
Ferdowsi, A. (2000). Shahnameh. By the efforts of Jalal Khaleghi Mutlaq, 8 Volumes, California: Mazda Pub. [In Persian]
Ghajari, A., & Nourbakhsh, Y. (2021). Study of the Relationship between the Governance Model of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Good Governance Model. Islamic Iranian Progress Model, 9(1) (17), 39-67. [In Persian]
Ghavam, S. A. (2016). Globalization and the Third World: The Trend of Globalization and the Status of Developing Nations in International System. Seventh Printing, Tehran: The Institute for Political and International Studies Pub. [In Persian]
Gholamrezaei, A. (2021). Ethnicity and the Formation of the Threat of Ethnic Nationalism in Iran. Quarterly Journal of War Studies, 3(8), 35-49.  [In Persian]
Governance and Society Empowerment Center. (2021). Constitutionalization of power. In: https://iran-bssc.ir/republish-contents/12486/ [In Persian]
Hamad, T. (2004). Native culture and global challenges. [An excerpt from two books: Arab Culture in the Age of Globalization & Arab Culture Faces the Challenges of Change]. Translated by Maher Amuzgar. Tehran: Markaz Pub. [In Persian]
Hamidi, Y. N. (2023). Woman, Life, Freedom, and the Question of Multiculturalism in Iranian Studies. International Journal of Middle East Studies, (55), 744-748.
Hart, J. (2020). Resurgent nationalisms & populist politics in the neoliberal age. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 102:3, 233-238.
Hashemi, N. (2021). Political Islam: A 40 Year Retrospective. MDPI, Religions, 12, 130, 1-17, in: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions.
Held, D., & McGrew, A. (2016). Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies. Translated by Masoud Karbasian, Second Printing, Tehran: Cheshmeh Pub. [In Persian]
Heywood, A. (2012). Key Concepts in Politics. Translated by Hasan Saied Kolahi and Abbas Kardan. Second Printing, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company. [In Persian]
Heywood, A. (2014). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Translated by Mohammad Rafiee Mehrabadi, 6th Printing, Tehran: The Institute for Political & International Studies Pub. [In Persian]
Kalin, M., & Siddiqui, N. (2016). Islam’s Political Disadvantage: Corruption and Religiosity in Quetta, Pakistan. Politics and Religion, Vol. 9, Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association, 456-480.
Karami, N. (2015). Iran's Sixth Development Plan's Absolute Disregard for the Environment and Water Crisis, in: https://www.bbc.com/persian/ iran/2015/06/150630_l10_nk_iran_development_policies_environment
Khorramshad, M. B., KalantarMehrjard, A., & Solati, H. (2018). Nationalism Current-Discourse and National Identity before and after the Islamic Revolution (in Comparison to kasravi and Sahabi’s Thoughts). Contemporary Political Studies, 9, 1(27), 21-48. 10.30465/cps.2018.3174 [In Persian]
Laraña, E., Johnston, H., & Gusfield, J. R. (2010). New Social Movements: from Ideology to Identity. Translated by Seyed Mohammad Kamal Sarvarian and Ali Sobhdel, Second Printing, Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Institute Pub. [In Persian]
Leftwich, A. (2005). States Of Development: the Primacy of Politics in Development. Translated by Alireza Khosravi and Mahdi Mir Mohammadi, Tehran: Tehran International Studies & Research Institute Pub. [In Persian]
Masoud Ansari, A. (2012). The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran. Vol 40 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, London: Cambridge University Press.
Mofidi, S. (2016). The Left Movement and National Question: From Romanticism to Realism (With a Focus on Komala Organization). Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 3(1), 20-48.
Nateghi, A. A. (2022). Examining the impact of transparency and accountability on organizational trust. The first national conference on promoting transparency and its role in administrative health and combating corruption, Iran, in: https://civilica.com/doc/1854847/ [In Persian]
Oliaei Tayyebi Shahi, F., & Kamrani, E. (2017). Environmental duties and obligations in the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Political science, law and jurisprudence studies, (4), 144-155. [In Persian]
Perry. Mark J. (2016). Why Socialism Always Fails?, in: https://www.aei. org/carpe-diem/why-socialism-always-fails/
Pooladi, K. (2015). A History of Political Thought in Iran and Islam. 5th Printing, Tehran: Markaz Pub. [In Persian]
Salehnia, A., & Ahmadi, R. (2022). Identify and prioritizing governance challenges in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 25. 1(95), 89-126. 20.1001.1.17350727.1401.25.95.4.1 [In Persian]
Sanjabi, A. (2005). Methodology in Political Science and International Relations. Tehran: Ghoomes Pub Co. [In Persian]
Smith, Anthony D. (2004) . The Antiquity Of Nations. United Kingdom: polity Press.
Steger, M. B. (2009). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. 2nd Edition, London: Oxford University Press. [In Persian]
Tabatabaei, S. J. (2006). A reflection on Iran: An Introduction to the Theory of Decline. Vol. 1, fifth Printing, Tehran: Negah Moaser Pub. [In Persian]
Tabatabaei, S. J. (2017). Having the Shahnameh requires being a nation: Iranshahr means Great Cultural Iran. In: Shahnameh Pajoohan Website: https://shahnamehpajohan.ir/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7 %D8%AF-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7 %DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8 %A7 %D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85-%D9%85 %D9%84/ [In Persian]
Taheri, A. (2020). The Research Method in Political Science. 13th Printing, Tehran: Ghoomes Pub. [In Persian]
Tarafdari, A. M. (2018). Nationalism, Historiography and the Formation of a New National Identity in Iran. Second Printing, Tehran: Amir Kabir Pub. [In Persian]
Vincent, A. (2013). Modern Political Ideologies. Translated by Morteza Saghebfar, 3th printing, Tehran: Qoqnoos.
Warning from the Islamic Republic newspaper; quoted from the Fararo website; in: https://fararu.com/fa/news/714100/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8 %AF %D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8 %B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85 %DB %8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9 %BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%87%D8%A7 %DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9 %87%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9 %85
Zilka, C. G. (2023). Gen Z Self-Portrait: Vitality, Activism, Belonging, Happiness, Self-Image, and Media Usage Habits. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, (20), 111-128.
Iranian nationalism is a pervasive and constructive phenomenon/Interview with Hamid Ahmadi. MonthlyPolitical science education: Fundamentals of Theoretical and InstitutionalGholamrezaei, Ali. (2021). Ethnicity and the Formation of the Threat of Ethnic Nationalism in Iran. Quarterly Journal. [An excerpt from two books]
POLITICAL QUARTERLY
Volume 55, Issue 4
December 2025
Pages 1164-1129

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 23 February 2025
  • Revise Date: 07 June 2025
  • Accept Date: 13 September 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics