خلیج فارس؛ میزبان بیداری چهارم عربی؟

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه مطالعات منطقه ای دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

جهان عرب در قرون اخیر سه موج بیداری را پشت سر گذارده که بیداری نخست عربی به‌ویژه پس از جنگ جهانی اول و با هدف کسب استقلال کشورهای عربی از امپراتوری عثمانی به اوج رسید. در موج دوم که پس از جنگ جهانی دوم شکل گرفت، این کشورها با رویکرد پان‌عربیسم در پی رهایی از سلطة استعمار بودند. دو موج مذکور فرهنگ نخبه‌گرایانة سیاسی را بر جهان عرب حاکم ساخت که به گسترش و استحکام اقتدارگرایی انجامید. موج سوم بیداری اعراب که از سال 2011 ایجاد شده، نوعی تلاش بیشتر به منظور احیای کرامت انسانی و هویت در ابعاد گوناگون مبتنی بر ارزش‌ها و هنجارهای شکل‌گرفته به شمار می‌رود. درحالی که امواج اول و دوم بیداری عرب بر محور قومیت‌گرایی و ملی‌گرایی رادیکال عربی استوار بود،‌ موج سوم تحت هدایت نسل جوان و با ماهیت داخلی، دوران جلوة فرهنگ سیاسی مشارکتی، کسب آزادی‌های سیاسی و اجتماعی به‌همراه احقاق حقوق اقتصادی و مدنی، همچنین احیای هویت مذهبی محسوب می‌شود. اگرچه پادشاهان محافظه‌کار، به‌ویژه در حوزة خلیج فارس، به دنبال تسرّی موج سوم به این منطقه از خود مقاومت نشان دادند، به نظر نمی‌رسد در چشم‌انداز آتی عربی علی‌رغم شرایط متفاوت اقتصادی این شیخ‌نشین‌ها در مقایسه با جمهوری‌های عربی قادر باشند با موج چهارم بیداری عربی مقابله کنند که البته با سه موج پیشین بیداری نیز تفاوت‌هایی خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Did The Fourth Awakening In The Middle East Happen In The Persian Gulf?

نویسنده [English]

  • Seyyed Mohammad Houshisadat
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The post-2011 uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been the awakening of the Arab population who have lived under the rule of dictators for more than four decades, as the post-colonial period. The world has; furthermore, witnessed nothing less than the awakening of the dignity, civil and democratic rights, social and economic justice, national self-determination, Sharia legitimacy of authority and, ultimately pluralism in the framework of a political system during the "post post-colonial" period. This was not the first time people in the MENA had taken to the streets demanding fundamental changes. The first Arab Awakening, as a new pan-Arab consciousness, reflected an outbreak of nationalist sentiment against European masters. The desire to create one pan-Arab state, derived from the Arab national ethnicity, from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire’s Arabic-speaking provinces was dashed at the altar of British and French ambition. These states, mostly successors of the Islamic Ottoman Empire, maintained a supra-state identity, despite inter-Arab leadership competition during the 1950s and 1960s. The second wave of Arab Awakening rose against Arab governments that were doing the bidding of colonial powers. The differentiating factor was between Arab nationalist republics, usually quasi-socialist and Pan-Arabist in orientation. Now, there are numerous signs that the next wave of revolutionary upsurge may soon be on the agenda in the Persian Gulf Sheikhdoms that could be entitled the Fourth Arab Awakening.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arab Awakenings
  • Fourth Arab Awakening
  • Persian Gulf

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 آذر 1393
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 09 دی 1394
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 21 تیر 1394

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