مبانی هستی‌شناسی فلسفه ایرانی و اقتضائات سیاسی آن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، مؤسسه پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفه ایران، تهران، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش طرح مبانی هستی‌شناسی فلسفه ایرانی از منظری خاص، برای استنتاج اقتضائات سیاسی این نوع نگرش است. در تبیین هستی‌شناسی ایرانی، ناگزیر به مبانی معرفت‌شناسی، انسان‌شناسی و فرجام‌شناسی نیز پرداخته شد. به‌طور کلی، روح معنویت‌گرایی و توجه به عوالمی ورای عالم مادی و محسوس در تفکر ایرانی چنان برجسته است که در بررسی هریک از حوزه‌های بالا نیز خود را آشکار می‌سازد. از این حیث، باور به نظامی سلسله‌مراتبی از عوالم وجودی و درک تجلی­گون هستی و ارتباطی که بین مرتبه هر فرد در ساحت‌های وجودی و میزان معرفت و آگاهی وی مطرح می‌شود، امکانی را برای در محوریت قرار گرفتن آدمی و ایده بازگشت به سرمنزل مینوی و بازیابی ازلیت به‌تأخیرافتاده، فراهم می‌آورد. از همین منظر و با توجه به اینکه هر آن کس که از معرفت بیشتری برخوردار بوده و در مرتبه والاتری از وجود قرار گرفته است، شایستگی و وظیفه هدایت دیگر انسان‌هایی را که در مرتبه پایین‌تری‌ هستند، داراست، جایگاه و نقش شاه آرمانی یا امام و سایر ابعاد سیاسی این اندیشه برجسته و آشکار می‌شود. پرسش پژوهشی اصلی این است که مبانی و ویژگی‌های خاص تفکر ایرانی در حوزه هستی، معرفت، انسان و فرجام‌شناسی بیانگر چه اقتضائات سیاسی است؟ در فرضیه پژوهشی استدلال می‌‌شود که نوعی معنویت‌گرایی و توجه به ساحات ماورای عالم مادی و محسوس در بطن اندیشه ایرانی ملحوظ است که پیامدهای سیاسی روشنی نیز داشته است. با بررسی برخی از آثار برجسته در این حوزه، به‌ویژه نوشته‌های هانری کربن با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمونی کیفی، و تأیید فرضیه به این نتیجه می‌رسیم که در این آثار مبانی بیان‌شده مضمونی معنوی از هدایت، ریاست و سیاست را پیش کشیده‌اند‌ که متفاوت با ریاست ظاهری و قدرت دنیوی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Ontological Foundations of Iranian Philosophy and its Political Requirements

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammadjafar Jamehbozorgi 1
  • Majid Sarvand 2
1 Assistant Professor, Iranian Institute of Philosophy, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this research is to outline the ontological foundations of Iranian philosophy from a specific point of view, in order to deduce its political requirements. In the process of explaining and throwing of light upon Iranian ontology, the foundations of epistemology, anthropology and metaphysics were inexorably discussed. In general, the spirit of spirituality and attention to worlds beyond the material and tangible world are so prominent in Iranian thought that it reveals itself in the examination of all the aforementioned areas. Therefore, believing in a hierarchical system of existential worlds and understanding the manifestation of existence and the relationship between the rank of each person in the existential dimensions and the level of his knowledge and awareness, offer a possibility of centrality of the person and the idea of returning to the paradisiacal place and recovery of the delayed eternity. Bearing in mind that anyone who has more knowledge and is placed in higher ranks of existence, has the competence and duty to guide other people who are in a lower rank, the role of an ideal King or Imam as well as other political dimensions of this thought are highlighted.
The key research question is as follows: What political requirements are illustrated in the foundations and specific characteristics of Iranian thought on existence, epistemology, metaphysics, and eschatology? In the research hypothesis, it is asserted that the type of spiritualism and attention to the realms beyond the material and tangible world, which are noticeable in Iranian thought have explicit political consequences. The authors use the qualitative thematic analysis method to examine some prominent works in this field. Their discussions are basically focused on the main themes which together present the core of the ideas and explanations offered by scholars such as Henry Carbon and Alameh Tabatabai to explain the consequences, dimensions, and political foundations of Iranian spiritual philosophy. The conclusion of the study is that the stated principles in these works have presented a spiritual theme of guidance, leadership, and politics, which differ from worldly power and leadership. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Corbin
  • Hierarchical Ontology
  • Ideal King (Shah Armani)
  • Imam
  • Intuitive Epistemology

مراجع

  1. References

    1. Alem, A.R. (2012). Tārikh-e falsafeh-ye siyāsi-e gharb; asr-e jadid and sadeh-ye nozdahom (History of Western Political Philosophy; the New Era and 19th Century, Tehran: Publications of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 15th ed. [In Persian]
    2. Ashtiani, J. (1995) Zartosht, Mazdisnā, hohomat (Zoroaster, Mazdayasna, and Government). Tehran: Sherkat-e sahāmi, 7th ed. [In Persian]
    3. Carbone, H. (2005). Takhayol-e khalagh dar erfān-e Ibn ʻArābi (Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi), Trans Enshaallah Rahmati. Tehran: Jami. [In Persian]
    4. Carbone, H. (2008). Ibn Sinā and tamsil-e erfāni, Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, Trans Inshallah Rahmati. Tehran: Jami. [In Persian]
    5. Carbone, H. (2011). Eslām dar sarzamin-e Iran, Islam in the Land of Iran, Trans.  Reza Kohkan. Tehran: Hikmat and Philosophy Research Institute, V. 2. [In Persian]
    6. Carbone, H. (2012) Eslam-e Iran, Iranian Islam), trans. Enshaallah Rahmati. Tehran: Sophia, V. 1. [In Persian]
    7. Carbone, H. (2013). Ravabet-e hekmat-e eshragh and falsafeh-ye Īrān bāstān, gozaresh-e ahmad fardid va abdol-hamid golshan, The Relationship between Wisdom and Ancient Iranian Philosophy, Reported by Ahmed Fardid and Abdulhamid Golshan, Tehran: Iranian Research Institute of Philosophy, 4th ed. [In Persian]
    8. Carbone, H. (2013a). Ensān-e norāni dar tasavof-e Īrāni, The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism, Trans.  Faramarz Javaherinia. Tehran: Golban, 3rd ed.
    9. Carbone, H. (2013b). Tārikh-e falsafeh-ye eslāmi, History of Islamic Philosophy), Trans.  Javad Tabatabai. Tehran: Minoy-e Kherad. [In Persian]
    10. Carbone, H. (2013c). Falsafeh-ye Īrāni and falsafeh-ye tatbighi, Iranian Philosophy and Comparative Philosophy, trans. Javad Tabatabai. Tehran: Minoy-e Kherad. [In Persian]
    11. Carbone, H. (2015). Zamān-e advāri dar mazdisnā and erfān-e esmāiliyeh, Cyclical Time and Ismaili Gnosis, trans. Inshallah Rahmati. Tehran: Sofia. [In Persian]
    12. Chittick, W. (2009). Elm-e jahān, elm-e Jan; rabt-e jahān’shenāsi-ye eslāmi dar Donyā-ye jaded, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul: The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern World, trans. Seyed Amir Hossein Asghari. Tehran: Ettela'at. [In Persian]
    1. Clark, P. (1998). Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith. Eastbourne, UK: Sussex Academic Press.
    2. Corrado, M. (1999). Orientalism in Reverse: Henry Corbin, Iranian Philosophy, and the Critique of the West. A Thesis for MA in History, Simon Fraster University, British Colombia, Canada. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/reader/56373830 (Accessed 23 May 2022).

    15.Fadaei Mehrabani, M. (2009). Paydāi-ye andisheh-ye siyāsi-ye erfāni dar Iran; Az Aziz nasafi tā sadroddin shirazi, The Emergence of Mystical Political Thought in Iran; from Aziz Nasafi to Sadruddin Shirazi. Tehran: Nay (Online version of Fidibo). [In Persian]

    1. Gignoux, P. (2012). Ensān and kayhān dar Īrān-e bāstān, Man and Cosmos in Ancient Iran, Tran. Linda Godarzi. Tehran: Nash-e mahi. [In Persian]

    17.Moin, M. (1947). Mazdisnā and tasir-e a dar adabiyāt-e Parsi, Mazdayasna and its Influence in Persian Literature, Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]

    18.Mojtabai, F. (1973). Shah-re zibā-ye aflāton and shāhi Armāni dar Iran bāstān, Plato's Beautiful City and the Ideal Kingdom in Ancient Iran, Tehran: Anjoman-e farhang-e Iran bāstān. [In Persian]

    1. Motameni, A. (2014). Iranian Philosophy of Religion and the History of Political Thought. Riverside, CA: University of California Riverside.
    2. Nasr, S.H; Amin Razavi, M. (2013). An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol 4: “From the School of Illumination to Philosophical Mysticism,” London: I. B. Tauris, in Association with the Institute Of Ismaili Studies.
    3. Nasr, S.H; Amin Razavi, M. (2015). An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol 5: “From the School of Shiraz to the Twentieth Century,” London: I. B. Tauris.

    22.Razi, H. (2001). Hehmat-e khosravāni; hekmat-e eshrāgh and erfān az zardosht tā sohrevardi (Hekmāt Khosravāni; the Wisdom of Enlightenment and Mysticism from Zoroaster to Sohrevardi). Tehran: Behjat, 2nd ed. [In Persian]

    1. Sabot, A. (2006). “Nazariyeh-e tashkik dar vojood dar hekmat Īrān-e bāstān and falsafeh-ye eslāmi, Theory of Doubt in Existence in Ancient Iranian Wisdom and Islamic Philosophy,"Ettela'at-e hekmat and marefat (Information of Wisdom and Knowledge) 2: 43-31. Available at: http://ensani.ir/fa/article/3728 (Accessed 23 August 2020). [In Persian]
    2. Safizadeh, F. (2014). Sayre tahavol-e erfān dar Īrān-e bāstān, Evolution of Mysticism in Ancient Iran, Tehran: Iran Jam. [In Persian]
    3. Shaygan, D. (1992). Afāgh-e tafakor-e Manavi dar eslām-e Īrāni, The Horizons of Spiritual Thought in Iranian Islam, Trans Baqer Parham. Tehran: Aghah. [In Persian]

    26.Sohravardi, S.S. (1993). Hikmah al-Ishraq, Sharh-e Shahrzori (Illuminating Wisdom, Sharzori’s Explanation, ed. Najafaqli Habibi. Tehran: Iranian Research Institute of Philosophy. [In Persian]

    27.Sohravardi, S.S. (1996). Majmoeh-ye masnafāt be koshesh-e henry karbon, Collection of Works, ed. Henry Carbone, Tehran: Humanities and Cultural Studies Research Institute. [In Persian]

    28.Tabatabaei, M.H; Carbone, H. (2006). Shieh; mozākerāt and mokātebāt-e profosor henry carbone and alāmeh tabātābāi (Shia; Discussions and Correspondence between Professor Henry Carbon and Allameh Tabatabai). Tehran: Moasaseh-ye pajoheshi-ye Hekmat and falsafeh, Iranian Research Institute of Philosophy, 5th ed. [In Persian]

    29.Vasunia, P. (2007). Zarathushtra and the Religion of Ancient Iran, the Greek and Latin Sources in Translation.

فصلنامه سیاست
دوره 53، شماره 3
آذر 1402
صفحه 447-425

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 24 مهر 1396
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 30 مهر 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 12 آذر 1402

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار