ملاصدرا و امکان بازسازی نظریه سوژه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران.

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

ارائه صورت‌بندی منسجم از سوژه به یکی از معضلات اصلی رشته‌های علوم انسانی و فلسفه تبدیل شده است. نظریات جاری درباره سوژه در یک دوگانه قرار گرفته‌اند؛ برخی سوژه را همچون جوهری مطلق و خودبنیاد توصیف می‌کنند و در مقابل، دیگران تصویری منفعل و حل‌شده از سوژه در یک ساختار ارائه می‌دهند. ازاین‌رو در نوشته حاضر برای یافتن الگوی بدیل به سراغ آرای ملاصدرا رفته‌ایم. تلاش کرده‌ایم با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به بررسی و استنتاج نظریه‌ای درباره سوژه در فلسفه ملاصدرا نائل شویم. مدعی هستیم که در نظریات ملاصدرا در خصوص «نفس»، امکانی برای بازسازی نظریه سوژه وجود دارد که از دوگانه ساختار و سوژه مطلق، فراتر می‌رود. در واقع، استفاده ما از ملاصدرا صرفاً برای ارائه درکی بدیل از سوژه انسانی است و پیاده‌سازی و ترجمه چنین ساختاری در قالب چشم‌اندازهای مدرن نظریه اجتماعی معاصر امری مجزا و در عین ‌حال مهم است. الگوی منشعب از دیدگاه‌های ملاصدرا، الگویی است که از یک سو با سوژه به‌مثابه یک «صیرورت» و یک «حرکت جوهری» برخورد می‌کند و از سوی دیگر، با توجه به جایگاه وجود در قوام‌یابی سوژه به ارائه الگویی از «میدان کنش» بر مبنای «تشکیک وجود» می‌پردازد. بر این ‌اساس، توصیف صدرایی از سوژه به توضیحی از منطق امر اجتماعی می‌انجامد؛ منطقی که خطوط کلی آن در نوشته حاضر ارائه شده است. بدین‌ترتیب بحث را از چیستی حرکت آغاز می‌کنیم؛ سپس به مسئله حقیقت انسان در عاَلم هستی و علم‌النفس صدرایی می‌پردازیم؛ آنگاه به طرح نظریه سوژه در ارتباط با علم‌النفس صدرایی نائل می‌شویم.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Mulla Sadra and the Possibility of Reconstruction of a Theory of Subject

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Biglari 1
  • Mohsen Jamshidi 2
1 Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Arak University, Arak, Iran
2 PhD in Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Extended abstract  
Introduction
As one of the foundations of the new political and social theory, the theories related to the subject try to answer a philosophical problem whose scope extends to the field of human sciences. Subject theory deals with the position of man in society as a structure. According to Cartesian reading, the modern subject is imagined as a self-fulfilling and independent unit from the world, which is independent from the world outside itself, and its relationship with the surrounding world looks like a relationship between subject and object. With the attacks of Marx and Nietzsche, the subject and the belief in the independent subject from the world were completely criticized until Nietzsche denied the idea of ​​"I", self-transparent mind. This trend was also strengthened by Heidegger and Freud, and they attacked subjectivism in two completely separate traditions. As a result of such developments and influenced by structuralism and linguistic theories, another image of the subject emerged.
Such a dilemma caused social science theorists and philosophers to search for alternative ways to conceptualize the subject that does not suffer from the limitations faced by the predecessors. The alternative theory must simultaneously avoid the absolutization of the subject on the one hand, and on the other hand, negate the passivity and absolute acceptance of the subject. This theory should pay attention to both internal and individual factors of the subject and to external structural patterns. Therefore, this article intends to search for a structure of a theory of the subject in Mulla Sadra's philosophy, a prominent Muslim philosopher.
Methodology
This article tries to investigate and conclude a theory about the subject in Mulla Sadra's philosophy by using the descriptive-analytic method.
Findings and conclusions
 We claim that in Mulla Sadra's theories about "soul", there is a possibility to reconstruct a theory of the subject, which goes beyond the duality explained earlier. There is a structure in Mulla Sadra's opinions that can be a model for the transition from the duality of structure and absolute subject. In fact, our use of Mulla Sadra's philosophy is merely to provide an alternative understanding of the human subject. So, the implementation and translation of such a structure in the form of modern perspectives of contemporary social theory is a separate and yet important matter. The abstracted model from Mulla Sadra's views is a model that consider the subject as a "becoming" and a "substantial motion" on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to the place of existence in the consistency of the subject, presents a pattern of action-field based on the gradation of being. Therefore, Mulla Sadra's description of the subject leads to an explanation of the logic of the social matter; The logic whose outlines are presented in this article. Thus, we start the discussion from what is movement; Then we address the issue of the truth of man in the world of existence and Mulla Sadra's psychology; Then we will reach a subject theory based on Mulla Sadra's psychology.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mulla Sadra and the Possibility of Reconstruction of a Theory of Subject
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