شکست و موفقیت دولت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب: مطالعه مقایسه‌ای روسیه (1853) و پروس (1862)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

یکی از موضوعات مورد توجه در رویکرد واقع‌گرایی به روابط بین‌الملل ظهور قدرت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب است، زیرا صورت‌بندی‌های متفاوت از نظم بین‌المللی در طول تاریخ در مواردی حاصل کشاکش قدرت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب و حافظ وضع موجود بوده است. از آنجا که کانون توجه واقع‌گرایان نظم و ثبات بین‌المللی است، نگاه آنها به قدرت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب نیز به‌طور معمول منفی است و فرجام این دولت‌ها را نیز شکست در برابر قدرت‌های حافظ وضع موجود می‌دانند. حال آنکه در طول تاریخ قدرت‌های تجدیدنظرطلبی بوده‌اند که هم اهداف و خواسته‌های خود را محقق کردند و هم سبب واژگونی نظم بین‌المللی به‌عنوان مجموعه قواعد و ترتیبات هدایتگر تعاملات دولت‌ها نشده‌اند. تبیین موفقیت برخی از دولت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب در رسیدن به اهداف و خواسته‌های خود، خلأیی نظری در واقع‌گرایی است که این پژوهش می‌کوشد بر اساس یافته‌های یک مطالعه تاریخی مقایسه‌ای گامی در جهت پر کردن آن بردارد، زیرا مطالعه‌ای تاریخی که تفاوت‌های میان قدرت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب موفق و ناموفق را نشان دهد، می‌تواند ما را در رسیدن به تبیینی از شکست و موفقیت این دولت‌ها یاری کند. بر همین اساس، در این تحقیق با اتکا بر چارچوب نظریه واقع‌گرایی نوکلاسیک، انتخاب دو مورد ناموفق (روسیه) و موفق (پروس) در نیمه دوم سده نوزدهم و با استفاده از روش مقایسه‌ای نشان داده می‌شود که چگونه زمینه‌ها و متغیرهای بین‌المللی و داخلی دولت‌های تجدیدنظرطلب می‌تواند به تفاوت در نتایج حاصل از تلاش‌های آنها منجر شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Failure and Success of Revisionist States:Russia (1853) and Prussia (1862) Compared

نویسندگان [English]

  • Homeira Moshirzadeh 1
  • Abbas Ataeikhah 2
1 Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran.
2 MA International Relations, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective:
The emergence of the so called “revisionist states” (or dissatisfied powers) has been one of the concerns of realism as various configurations of international order/ disorder in the course of history have been more or less the result of the confrontations of status quo and revisionist powers. Since realists’ main concern is international stability and order, they commonly have a negative understanding of revisionist powers and expect their defeat in their confrontation with the protectors of the status quo. Nevertheless, there have been revisionist powers that could realize their objectives and aspirations without overthrowing or destabilizing the existing international order. One can see that there is a theoretical void in realists’ discussions on revisionism in international relations. Although they have discussed the emergence, conduct, and defeat of such powers, they have not attempted to explain the success of some others. This article seeks to address this deficiency through a comparative study of two historical cases of successful and unsuccessful revisionist states, Prussia and Russia in the 19th century. On the basis of a neo-classical realist framework and a case-oriented comparative method, the effect of international and domestic factors on the differing results of the revisionist attempts will be evaluated specifically on the basis of their impact on the availability of relative power capabilities, prudence, and the probability of the formation of balancing efforts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • revisionism
  • neo-classical realism
  • foreign policy
  • German unification
  • Crimean War
 
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