مدل سیاستگذاری مشارکتی چندسطحی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار علوم سیاسی دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

2 دانش آموخته دکتری سیاستگذاری عمومی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

یکی از نارسایی‌های دموکراسی نمایندگی کاهش انگیزة شهروندان برای مشارکت سیاسی است. تحلیلگران، بازیگران و نمایندگان دولت با این مسئله دست به گریبان بوده و درصدد پاسخ به این پرسش هستند که چگونه به بهترین شکل می‌توان شهروندان را در فرایندهای تصمیم‌گیری و سیاستگذاری مشارکت داد. طبق بررسی ما اگرچه برخی تحقیقات اخیر به مسئلۀ مشارکت دموکراتیک سیاستی پرداخته‌اند، تعداد بسیار محدودی از آنها بر درک طبیعت، محرکه‌ها و روش‌های مشارکت سیاستی تأکید دارند و به بررسی خصوصیات و فضاهای نهادی که ارتباطات مشارکتی در آنها روی می‌دهند، پرداخته‌اند. به‌نظر می‌رسد تسهیل و افزایش مشارکت سیاستی مستلزم شکل جدیدی از رابطة بین دولت و جامعه است که می‌توان با وضع ترتیبات نهادی در سه سطح ماهوی، سطح رویه‌ای و سطح عملیاتی آن را حل کرد. برای تسهیل و افزایش مشارکت سیاستی در هر سه سطح دگرگونی و تحولاتی لازم است که هر کدام فلسفه، سازوکارها، ترتیبات و تفاوت‌های با هم دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Multilevel model of participatory policy making

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kioomars Ashtarian 1
  • Bagher Ghaemi Asl 2
1 Associate professor of Public Policy University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

One of the shortcomings of representative democracy is reduce the incentive for citizens to political participation. Analysts, actors and government representatives to grapple with this issue and seek answers to the question, how best can the participation of citizens in decision-making and policy-making process. According to our survey, although some recent studies have addressed the question of democratic policy participation, very few of them understand the nature, dynamics and characteristics of participatory methods and focus on institutional spaces that have been occurring in their participatory communications. It seems that facilitate and increase policy participation requires a new form of relationship between state and society. Institutional arrangements that can be levied at three levels substantive, procedural and the operational level. To facilitate and increase policy participation at all levels changes and developments it is necessary that each philosophy, mechanisms, arrangements and differences with each other.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • policy participation
  • public participation
  • Public policy making
اشتریان، کیومرث (1387). «رهیافت نهادی در سیاستگذاری نوآوری تکنولوژیک»، مجلة دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، دورة 38، ش1، ص 14-1.
Anderson, Jams .E. (2011). Public Policy making, 7Th edition, sengage learning.
Arnstein, S. (1969). “Ladder of Citizen Participation”, Journal of American Institute of Planners, Vol. 35, pp. 216 – 224.
Barnes, William R., Donald J. Borut. (2006). Strengthening Democratic Governance Changing the Way We Govern: Building Democratic Governance in Your Community, NLC’s Center for Research and Municipal Programs.pp.9-20.
Beland, D., de Chantal, F., & Woddon, A. (2002) “Third Way social policy: Clinton’s legacy, Policy and Politics”, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 19 – 30.
Börzel, Tanja A. (2010). Governance with/out Government. False Promises or Flawed Premises? SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 23, Research Center (SFB) 700, Berlin, March.
Bruce L. Smith. (2003). Group work Inc. Public Policy and Public Participation Engaging Citizens and Community in the Developmentof Public Policy, Prepared for Population and Public Health Branch Atlantic Regional Office Health Canada September 2003 www.pph-atlantic.ca
Callahan, K. (2007). Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability, and Participation, Auerbach Publications, Taylor & Francis Group, 2007, pp. 149-189.
Chambers, S. (2003). “Deliberative Democratic Theory”, in Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 6, pp. 307-326.
Cooke, B. (2001). The social psychological limits of participation? In B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds.) Participation the New Tryranny, London and New York: Zed Books. pp. 102-121.
Creighton, J.L. (2005). The Public Participation Handbook: Making Better Decisions through Citizen Involvement, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, a Wiley Imprint, pp. 7-25.
Fung, A and Wright, E. (2001). “Deepening democracy: Innovations in empowered participatory governance”, Politics and Society, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 5-41.
Gaventa, J, and Camilo Valderrama. (1999). Participation, Citizenship and Local Governance Background note prepared for workshop on .Strengthening participation in local governance, Institute of Development Studies, June 21-24, 1999.
Gavin, Tarsha. (2015). participatory goverance and policy making process, A study of community engagement in NSW public housing estate renewal, Department of Government and International Relations, University of Sydney Australia, pp.1-12.
Geurts, Jac. L.A., Cisca, Joldersma. (2001). “Methodology for participatory policy analysis”, European Journal of Operational Research , Vol.128 ,pp.300-310.
Hampton, Greg , (2004). “Enhancing public participation through narrative analysis”, Policy Science journal, Vol. 37, pp.261–276.
Hampton, Greg. (2009). Narrative policy analysis and the integration of public involvement in decision making’, Policy Sciences, Vol. 42, pp. 227–242.
Imparato, Latin, I. and Ruster, J. (2003). Slum and Participation: lessons fromUpgrading America, The World Bank, Washington DC.
Kaufmann, D., &Kraay, A. (2008). “Governance Indicators: Where are we and Where Should we go?”, World Bank Research Observer, 23(1):130-149.
Kooimann, J. (2002). Governance: A Social-Political Perspective, in: Grote, J. R. /Gbikpi, B. (eds.): Participatory Governance. Political and Sociatal Implications, Opladen: Leske & Budrich 71-96.
Lane, M. (2005). “Public participation in planning: an intellectual history”, Australian Geographer, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 283 – 99.  
Manor, J. (2004). “Democratization with Inclusion: Political Reforms and People’s Empowerment at the Grassroots”, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5-29.
McCoy, M, and Scully, P. (2002). “Deliberative Dialogue to Expand Civic Engagement: What Kind of Talk Does Democracy Need?”, National CivilReview, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp.117-135.
McGee, R et al. (2003). Legal frameworks for citizen participation: Synthesis report, Logolink, University of Sussex.
Netherlands Ministery of finacien. (2000). Government Governance: Corporate Governance in the public sector , Why and how?" , 9th FEE public sector Conference from 2-4 November , pp1-20.
Oliver, J.E. (2000). “City Size and Civic Involvement in Metropolitan America”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No.2, p. 361.
Savic, Vanja. (2012). Integration of Deliberative Democracy and Policy-Making : A Vision of a Deliberative System” FILOZOFIJA I DRUŠTVO XXIII (4), 2012.pp.170-189.
Schmitter, P. C. (2002). Participation in Governace Arrangments: Is there any Reason to Expect it will Acieve “Sustainable and Innovative Policies in a Multilevel Context”? In: Grote, J.R./Gbikpi, B. (eds.): Participatory Governance. Political and Sociatal Implications, Opladen: Leske & Budrich, pp.51-70.
Sisk, T, et al. (2001). Expanding Participatory Democracy’, Chapter 5 in Democracy at the Local Level: The International IDEA Handbook on Participation, Representation, Conflict Management, and Governance, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Smith, G. (2009). Democratic innovations: Designing innovations for citizen participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yang, K. and Callahan, K. (2005). Assessing Citizen Involvement Efforts by Local Government’, Public Performance and Management Review, Vol. 29, No, 2, p. 191.
Yetano, S. Royo & B. Acerete. (2009). what is driving the increasing presence of citizen participation initiatives?” Departamento de Contabilidad y Finanzas Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales Universidad de Zaragoza http://gespublica.unizar.es