بررسی علل تعمیق شکاف قبطی-مسلمان در مصر بر پایۀ نظریۀ میگدال

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد مطالعات منطقه‌ای دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشجوی دکتری مطالعات خاورمیانه دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

جامعة مسیحیان ارتدکس مصر که با نام قبطی شناخته می‌شوند، از دهة ۱۹۷۰ به بعد و به‌ویژه بعد از انقلابی که حسنی مبارک را سرنگون کرد، هدف خشونت و تبعیض بوده‌اند. هدف اصلی این مقاله درک علل تعمیق شکاف مذهبی بین مسیحیان قبطی و اکثریت مسلمان در مصر معاصر است. در این زمینه، وضعیت قبطیان از زمان به قدرت رسیدن سادات در سال ۱۹۷۰ تاکنون با تمرکز بر موارد اصلی خشونت و حمله به قبطیان بررسی شده است. چارچوب نظری در این نوشتار نظریة «دولت در جامعه» جوئل اس. میگدال برای تبیین علل تعمیق شکاف است. بررسی موضوع مورد مطالعه نشان داد که علت اصلی عمیق‌ شدن این شکاف‌ها از سال ۱۹۷۰، سستی و ناتوانی دولت مصر در کنترل جامعه و برعکس نیرومند بودن گروه‌های اجتماعی در مصر و ساختار چندپارة جامعه بوده است. در پنج دهة گذشته رهبران مصر یک سیاست بقا به‌منظور حفظ قدرت خود در محیط چندپاره را دنبال کرده‌اند و به‌جای تلاش برای پرکردن شکاف قبطی-مسلمان، خود در موارد بسیاری سیاست تفرقه بینداز و حکومت کن را در پیش گرفته‌اند و ازاین‌رو دولت خود به بخش بزرگی از مسئلة قبطی‌ها تبدیل شده است. به باور نویسندگان، نظریة میگدال می‌تواند به‌خوبی علت شکاف‌های قومی و مذهبی مختلف دیگر در جوامع جهان سوم را هم تبیین کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Examining the Reasons Behind Deepening Coptic-Muslim Cleavage in Egypt Based On Migdal’s Theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elahe Kolaie 1
  • Kamal Iranidoost 2
2 Regional Studies, Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Examining the Reasons Behind Deepening Coptic-Muslim Cleavage in Egypt Based On Migdal’s Theory
Abstract
Violence against the Egyptian Orthodox Christian Community-The Copts-has been increasing since the 1970s and especially following 2011 revolution. This research aims to examine the reasons behind the deepening Coptic-Muslim cleavages and in line with this, the relations between the Coptic community and the Egyptian state in different periods since Anwar Sadat came to power in 1970 until the present time is examined based on the “State in Society” theoretical framework which was provided by Joel. S. Migdal. Examining the cases of violence against Copts by the majority Muslim population under Sadat, Mubarak leadership and since the 2011 revolution to date showed that the main cause would seem to be the lack of a strong state and state institutions that can guarantee all citizens’ constitutional rights while the presence of strong social forces and a fragmented social control. Over the last five decades the Egyptian leaders have pursued survival strategies and have become a big part of the problem by practicing divide and rule policy to survive in a fragmented society. Thus, we reached to the conclusion the Migdal theory can be applied to other cases of religious and ethnic cleavages elsewhere in the third world.
Keywords: Egypt, Coptic-Muslim Cleavage, Religious Strife, Weak State, Strong Social Forces, The Politics of Survival, Survival Strategies

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Egypt
  • Coptic-Muslim Cleavage
  • Religious Strife
  • Weak State
  • Strong Social Forces
  • The Politics of Survival
  • Survival Strategies
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