پس از فروپاشی شوروی، توزیع قدرت در نظام بینالملل، از حالت دوقطبی (مبتنی بر اصل موازنه قدرت میان دو قطب) بهصورت تکقطبی درآمد. از آن زمان یکی از مهمترین پرسشهای نظریهپردازان روابط بینالملل بهویژه نظریهپردازان واقعگرایی، آن است که چرا در این نوع از نظم، مطابق با نظریه توازن قدرت، هیچ موازنه نظامی مؤثری علیه امریکا بهعنوان تکقطب نظام بینالملل ایجاد نشده است؟ فرضیه اصلی این مقاله آن است که با نگاهی متفاوت و موسع به مفهوم موازنه قدرت و همچنین در نظر گرفتن رفتار موازنهگرایانه دولتها بر پایه درجه و شدت تهدید درکشده از سوی دولت تکقطب، در این نظام نیز میتوان شاهد رفتارهای موازنهگرایانه قدرتهای درجه دوم، قدرتهای میانه و حتی دولتهای کوچک نیز بود. به پرسشهای پژوهشی زیر پاسخ داده خواهد شد: 1. چرا دولتها در نظام تکقطبی به راهبردهای موازنهگرایانه روی میآورند؟ 2. انواع این راهبردها کدام است؟ 3. چگونه این راهبردها بکار برده میشوند؟ 4. چه زمانی راهبردهای موازنهگرایانه درنظر گرفته میشوند؟ این پژوهش از نظر رویکرد، ماهیتی کیفی دارد، و برای آزمون فرضیه از روش تحلیل مفهومی دیدگاههای مختلف نظریهپردازان روابط بینالملل استفاده میشود. یافتههای پژوهش آن است که موازنه، رفتاری بهطور کامل اختیاری و مبتنی بر راهبردهای بهطور کامل متفاوتی از «موازنه مثبت نظامی» تا «موازنه منفی غیرنظامی» است، و اینکه هر دولتی در هر دورهای چه نوع راهبرد موازنهگرایانهای را در رویارویی با تکقطب، برگزیند، تحت تأثیر متغیرهای گوناگونی قرار دارد که در این پژوهش به آن پرداخته میشود.
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