لویاتان و اپیکوریسم سیاسی: بحثی انتقادی درباره تفسیر الهیاتی هابز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jpq.2023.91501

چکیده

نظریه سکولاریزاسیون یکی از موضوع‌های جدل‌برانگیز در فلسفه سیاسی معاصر است. به‌طور کلی بر اساس این نظریه طی فرایند سکولار شدن، دین تنها کنار نمی‌رود، بلکه با ساحت این‌جهانی ارتباط برقرار می‌کند و به‌موجب آن برخی از مؤلفه‌های استعلایی‌اش درون‌ماندگار می‌شود. این نظریه بر اساس رویکردی الهیاتی اصالت نظریه‌های مدرن را نفی می‌کند. پژوهشگرانی مانند کارل اشمیت، کارل لوویت، جان میلبنک و ولفگانگ پالاور از پشتیبان‌های نظری این رویکردند. هدف این پژوهش ارائه شرحی انتقادی از کاستی این رویکرد تفسیری در مورد مطالعه توماس هابز، با تمرکز بیشتر روی نظریه دین مدنی اوست و تلاش می‌کند با روش تفسیر زمینه و متن اسکینری از آنچه اپیکوریسم سیاسی هابز خوانده می‌شود، به‌مانند تلاشی به‌طور کامل مدرن، در برابر تفسیر الهیاتی از لویاتان دفاع کند. پرسش‌های پژوهشی عبارت‌اند از: 1. چه ارتباطی بین فلسفه هابز و اپیکور وجود دارد؟ و 2. تفسیر الهیاتی از هابز چه تضاد بنیادینی با اپیکوریسم سیاسی او دارد؟ فرضیه پژوهش این است که اپیکوریسم سیاسی هابز به‌دلیل تضاد بنیادینی که با نظرگاه الهیات یهودی – مسیحی دارد، با خوانش الهیاتی از هابز ناسازگار است. این پژوهش با بررسی اندیشه هابز و بستر پیدایی آن و ارتباطش با احیای فلسفه اپیکوری، بین هستی‌شناسی، معرفت‌شناسی و اخلاقیات اپیکور و هابز، همچنین رویکرد این دو به سیاست، تناظرهای مفهومی‌ای برقرار می‌کند و بیانی از اپیکوریسم سیاسی را با اصطلاحی که دروغ الهیاتی نامیده می‌شود، در اندیشه هابز ترسیم می‌کند. این پژوهش نتیجه می‌گیرد آنچه در اندیشه سیاسی هابز به نظر الهیاتی می‌آید، در واقع دروغ الهیاتی اپیکوری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Leviathan and Political Epicureanism: A Critical Discussion on Theological Reading of Hobbes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Habibollah Fazeli 1
  • Seyyed Shahab Ghadiri 2
1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 A PhD Candidate, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Interpreting the ideas of early modern philosophers through the lens of theology and secularization thesis has arguably been one of the controversial issues in contemporary political philosophy. Following this thesis, religion is not simply discarded; instead, it interacts with the worldly sphere, by which some of its transcendental components become immanent. It underscores theological reading of modern theories and undermines their legitimacy as modern. Thinkers like Carl Schmitt, Carl Löwith and John Milbank support this standpoint. The aim of this article is to provide a critical account on this interpretive horizon in the case of Thomas Hobbes and his concept of civil religion. Following Quentin Skinner’s methodological contextualism as method, this essay tries to defend what it calls political Epicureanism of Hobbes as a radically modern idea against theological readings of Hobbes. The main questions of this investigation are: What kind of relationship is there between Hobbes and Epicurus? and, What is the fundamental problem between theological reading of Hobbes and his political Epicureanism? This article assumes that Hobbes’s Epicureanism is fundamentally in contrast with Judo-Christian theology and thus, is broadly incompatible with theological readings of him. By investigating Hobbes’s philosophy and its context, its relationship with Epicurean philosophy, this article draws a conceptual association between Hobbes and Epicurus in terms of their ontology, epistemology, ethics and their attitude toward politics. It also distinguishes Hobbes’s Epicureanism by what is termed as theological lying and concludes that what appears to be Hobbes’s theological expression is in fact an Epicurean theological lie.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Civil Religion
  • Political Epicureanism
  • Secularization
  • Theological Reading
  • Thomas Hobbes
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